Sanskrit Schlarship Application Form free essay sample

Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (Deemed University) 56-57, Institutional Area, Janak Puri, New Delhi-110058 Notification of Scholarship Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (Deemed University) set up by the Government of India for proliferation and advancement of Sanskrit language welcomes applications in the endorsed structure for grant of legitimacy Scholarship to: I. Ordinary understudies contemplating Sanskrit in any perceived conventional Pathshalas/present day foundations/Secondary/Senior Secondary Schools from ninth to twelfth norm. ii. Standard understudies seeking after higher course of studies in Sanskrit in perceived instructive Institutions at the degrees of Shastri/Graduation/Acharya/Post Graduation/Vidyavaridhi/Ph. D. Subtleties for award of grant are as under:S. No. Courses of Study for which Scholarship is given 1. ninth and tenth classes/Purva Madhyama or identical courses with Sanskrit as a paper of least 100 imprints eleventh twelfth classes/Prak Shastri/UttarMadhyama and proportional courses with Sanskrit as a paper of at any rate 100 imprints Shastri/Graduation/B. A. /B. A. (Hons. ) and comparable course of three years length with Sanskrit as a subject of at any rate 100 imprints. Qualification Criteria Must have breezed through the past assessment of the particular class with at least 60% imprints or equal in the total and furthermore in the concerned subject I. e. in Sanskrit Must have gone Plus 2 level assessment with a base 60% imprints or proportional in the total and furthermore in Sanskrit Must have passed Graduation with at any rate 60% checks in the total in Sanskrit Must have passed Acharya or M. A. in Sanskrit with in any event 60% checks in the total Scholarship Amount Rs. P. M. 250 2. 300 3. 400 4. Acharya Degree in Sanskrit and its equal Post-Graduation Degree 500 5. Vidyavaridhi/Ph. D. what's more, proportional in Sanskrit 1500/ - ** The understudy of Vidyavaridhi/Ph. D and comparable courses will likewise be entitled for a possibility award of Rs. 2000/ - per annum for a long time. Number of Scholarship: Number of Scholarships to be granted every year relies upon the accessibility of assets. Unwinding: Minimum level of imprints for the up-and-comers having a place with the classifications referenced beneath under qualification standards will be as under: †SC/ST OBC Women Physically Handicapped Terms Conditions: 1. Understudies more likely than not decided regarding the matter I. e. Sanskrit in the present class of Study for which the person has applied for the Scholarship. Be that as it may, the award of Scholarship will rely upon the imprints made sure about in the past class of study in the concerned subject and furthermore in the total as specified in this commercial. 0 % 55% half 2. The Scholarship up to Post-Graduate and identical courses will be valid for one Academic year I. e. (10 months) beginning from the first July and completion with 30th April. As Scholarship is granted uniquely for one scholastic year based on marks acquired in the past assessment, understudies need to apply each year anew. It won't be reestablished consequently. 3. The Scholarship for the Ph. D will be reasonable for two entire Years I. e. two years subject to agreeable advancement report. 4. Competitors applying for grant for ninth and tenth standard must present the application appropriately counter marked by the concerned District Education Officer. 5. The Students of resources of Arts or Humanities having Sanskrit as a significant subject will be qualified for grant in the event of Graduation and Post Graduation level. 6. The Scholarship sum will be payable from the first July of each scholastic year and will be discharged for the sake of the concerned understudies by account payee check through the Head of the concerned foundations. In the event that any understudy wishes to get the Scholarship legitimately in his/her State Bank Account, he/she should outfit State Bank Account number in the application structure neatly. 7. On account of Ph. D and identical understudies, the foundation concerned will send Utilization Certificate and progress repot on the work done by the researcher through the guide and Head of the Department, to empower the Sansthan to discharge Scholarship for the subsequent year. 8. An up-and-comer who gets any Scholarship or gets fiscal advantages from some other organization won't be considered for Scholarship of the Sansthan under this Scheme. A competitor who acknowledges any gainful employment during the residency of the Scholarship or embraces to some other course of study which doesn't have segment of Sanskrit will be precluded from accepting this Scholarship. 9. The Sansthan claims all authority to roll out such improvements in these terms and conditions as it might think about fundamental. The Sansthan additionally maintains whatever authority is needed to dismiss any application after due examination. The choice of the Sansthan in such manner will be conclusive and authoritative. 10. Each understudy will be required to submit application structure through the Competent Authority in the recommended genius forma demonstrating interalia :- I. ) That he/she is seeking after a course of study for which he/she has applied for the Scholarship with Sanskrit as a standard understudy. ii. ) iii. ) iv. ) That he/she isn't in receipt of some other Scholarship from some other source. That he/she isn't utilized anyplace. That during the cash of the Scholarship in the event that he/she is granted Scholarship from some other source and additionally is utilized he/she will quickly illuminate the Sansthan through legitimate channel. Application strategy: The application on the endorsed structure alongwith bore witness to duplicates of the imprint sheet of the most recent qualifying assessment and station/class authentication if there should be an occurrence of SC/ST/OBC/Physically Handicapped gave by the capable power must be sent to the Registrar, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan (Deemed University) 56-57, Institutional Area,Janak Puri, New Delhi-110 058 inside one month from the date of distribution of this promotion. The application structure can likewise be download from Sansthan’s site www. sanskrit. nic. in Registrar RASHTRIYA SANSKRIT SANSTHAN Deemed University) 56-57, Institutional Area, Janak Puri, New Delhi-110058 Affix validated Passport size photo Application for Scholarship 1. Name of the Student (In Capital letters) : 2. Sexual orientation Tick in the important box Male Female 3. 4. 5. 6. Father’s/Husband’s Name Date of Birth and age on 01. 10. 2010 Class, in which the understudy is considering Stream Tick in the significant box Subject’s taken : Class Year I,II,III Modern Traditional : 7. 8. Regardless of whether Sanskrit has been offered as a : Major Subject Tick in the applicable box Full Name Address of the Institution/: University in which the understudy is considering or accomplishing research work Yes No 9. 10. Name of the Institution and full location of : Head of Department/Principal/Director or the position to whom the check might be sent including PIN code and furthermore versatile no. /email 11. Regardless of whether you have a place with (I) S. C (ii) S. T : (iii) O. B. C. (iv) Handicapped (v) Female (if truly, Please connect duplicate of declaration gave by Competent Authority if there should arise an occurrence of (I) to (iv). 12. Complete Residential/Postal location to : which the hint/correspondence can be sent (Please give telephone no. furthermore, email id if accessible) 13. Points of interest of assessments breezed through including most recent qualifying assessment: Please utilize extra sheet whenever required in a similar organization Name of the Examination Year of assessment passed passing body Class/Div. furthermore, in general %age of imprints Marks in Sanskrit as a Major Subject Total Obtained Percentage 14. 1. For Research Students just Whether understudy has been enrolled for Ph. D/Vidyavaridhi course? Assuming this is the case, kindly outfit I. Enrollment No. also, date of : enrollment ii. If you don't mind outfit duplicate of confirmation and letter of joining Ph. D/Vidyavaridhi Name of the Research Guide with Full Residential Address/Phone : No. /Email Id. /Mobile No. 2. * Note :- (1)Applications for ninth and tenth standard must be counter marked by the concerned District Education Officer. (2) No segment of the application structure ought to be left clear, which might be at risk for dismissal of the application structure. 15. Revelation I therefore pronounce that all the data given by me in this application structure and reports put together by me on the side of this application are consistent with the best of my insight and conviction. My imprint sheet is properly authenticated by Competent Authority. I likewise proclaim that in the event that I am chosen for the Scholarship applied for, I will dedicate my full time to affirmed course of study/examine and that I will not embrace some other paid work or get some other Scholarship or some other award from any source during the residency of this Scholarship. Date :†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Spot :†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Mark ( ) Name of the competitor Recommendation of the sending authority. (Head of Deptt. /Competent authority of the University on account of Reasearch understudy and Head of the Department/Head of Institution/Prinicpal of the Institution if there should arise an occurrence of the understudy of other course of studies) Affirmed that________________________________is a normal understudy/look into Scholar in Name of candidate ____________________________________________________________ _________________ Name of the college/foundation and address in full according to the records, the date of affirmation and enrolment number of the understudy to the above Course is as under:Enrolment No Academic Session Date of confirmation Class to which conceded Date :†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Signature of Head of Deptt. /Head of Institution/Principal with authentic seal Place:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Countersignatures of District Education Officer (if there should arise an occurrence of understudies of ninth tenth norm) Request to the sending authority: Forwarding specialists are mentioned to accord top need in sending the application with the goal that the qualified understudies don't pass up on the chance of being considered for Scholarship due to non receipt of use on schedule. IMPORTA

Bragg, Braxton

Bragg, Braxton Bragg, Braxton, 1817â€"76, Confederate general in the U.S. Civil War, b. Warrenton, N.C. A graduate of West Point, he fought the Seminole and in the Mexican War was promoted to lieutenant colonel for distinguished service at Buena Vista. He resigned from the army in 1856 and lived on his Louisiana plantation until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he was appointed a Confederate brigadier general and assigned to command the coast from Pensacola, Fla., to Mobile, Ala. Shortly after being promoted to major general (Jan., 1862), he assumed command of Gen. A. S. Johnston's 2d Corps, leading it in the battle of Shiloh (April). With Johnston's death, Bragg was made a general, and he succeeded (June) General Beauregard in command of the Army of Tennessee. His invasion of Kentucky (Aug.â€"Oct., 1862) was unsuccessful, ending in retreat to Tennessee after Gen. D. C. Buell caught up with him at Perryville. A reorganized Union army under Gen. W. S. Rosecrans was then sent against him an d at Murfreesboro (Dec. 31, 1862â€"Jan. 2, 1863) forced him to withdraw again. In the Chattanooga campaign , Bragg, victorious in the battle of Chickamauga, laid siege to the Union army in Chattanooga, but in Nov., 1863, Gen. U. S. Grant thoroughly defeated him and forced him to retire into Georgia. Gen. J. E. Johnston took over his command (December) and Bragg went to Richmond, where he became military adviser to Jefferson Davis , with nominal rank as commander in chief of Confederate armies. After the war he was chief engineer of Alabama and later lived in Texas, where he died. See biography by D. C. Seitz (1924, repr. 1971); study by G. McWhiney (2 vol., 1969â€"91). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Internet Censorship Essay - 1329 Words

Internet Censorship Used Around The World Some people wonder who came up with the idea of internet censorship. Other people want to know which countries use it. Some ponder over the idea of what really is internet censorship. Internet censorship is controlling what can be viewed, and which sites can be used on the internet. Some things about internet censorship are countries that use it, and who started the idea of it. There are lots of countries that use internet censorship. A few of them are China, North Korea, and Russia. China is one of the leaders in using and censoring the internet. They have the biggest internet censorship system on the globe. Their system grew rapidly compared to most of the other countries censorship systems.†¦show more content†¦There is only one cyber cafe in North Korea, and it is in Pyongyang, North Koreas capital city. North Korea â€Å"built its own custom-built operating system†(Lee), which is named Red Star. It is used on the computers in Pyongyangs cyber cafe. One crazy rule in North Korea is every time Kim Jong Un’s name shows up anywhere on any page on the internet, it has to be programmed on every pages code to be slightly bigger than the rest of the text on that page, â€Å"just enough to make it stand out† (Lee). The people of North Korea are â€Å"intentionally starved† out of any information except government propaganda (Lee). If you want to buy a computer in North Korea, it will probably cost about â€Å"three months of your salary, so people rarely do. They only have one high-speed internet cable while other countries like the United Kingdom, and the United States of America have â€Å"dozens† of them, so if one of the links fail we will be able to maintain it. North Korea wont be able to. It is easier for North Korea to control though with only one cable. (Sparks) Other countries like Russia try to use other countries ideas. Russia is trying to â€Å"copy† what China is doing with their internet. At first Russia’s internet was mostly free of censorship, but after a large anti-corruption protest in russia that was created through the use of the internet, Vladimir Putin feels that Russia’s internet should be more like Chinas. InShow MoreRelated Censorship and the Internet Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation available on the internet many people believe that som e of this information should be censored by the United States Government. Whos to say what should be accessible and what should not? Where does it start and stop? Does internet censorship make a nation a safer place to live? There are many countries that don’t allow the use of the internet at all and some countries only censor what they don’t want their citizens to know. Daniel Calingaert said â€Å"The internet has provided greater spaceRead More Internet Censorship Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesEveryone has heard of the Internet and how it is going to help set the world free. The Internet is the fastest growing form of communication and is becoming more and more common in the home. Companies these days do big business over the Internet, and online shopping has grown tremendously in the last few years. For instance, the online auction site eBay sells millions of items every year online. Many companies are making even more plans to expand their business to the I nternet. Unfortunately, there haveRead More Internet Censorship Essay1726 Words   |  7 PagesInternet Censorship The freedom of speech that was possible on the Internet could now be subjected to governmental approvals. For example, China is attempting to restrict political expression, in the name of security and social stability. It requires users of the Internet and electronic mail (e-mail) to register, so that it may monitor their activities. In the United Kingdom, state secrets and personal attacks are off limits on the Internet. Laws are strict and the government is extremely interestedRead MoreInternet Censorship Essay example968 Words   |  4 PagesInternet is one of the most powerful means of communication in the history of humankind. It brings people together and has potential sources of information as well as entertainment. Besides, it has a lot of dangers and harms for the users (especially for children). In Australia, the idea of ‘internet censorship’ began since 2003 by the Australia’s prominent think tank when researched about online habit of Australian teena gers and the dangers related to internet. This essay will discuss about theRead More Internet Censorship Essay example1506 Words   |  7 PagesCensorship of the Internet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We should demand that all public schools and libraries install and configure Internet Filters. This statement shows how Jeffery Pollock, a candidate for the 3rd Congressional District seat in Oregon, views the Internet. Unfortunately for him, the one thing that he ranted and raved about was the one thing that gave him an unfair disadvantage in the in the upcoming elections. (Blind Ballots) Cyber Patrol, One of the leading Internet censoring companies and isRead More Internet Censorship Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Censorship Internet Censorship. What does this mean to us? What is restricted? Censorship is summarily defined as the suppression of objectionable material. That means that material such as pornography, militant information, offensive language, anti-religion, and racism would be restricted in use. Freedom would not only be restricted to material placed on the web, but also what you could access, and where you could explore. Should the right of Freedom of Speech be taken away fromRead MoreFailures of Internet Censorship Essay1890 Words   |  8 PagesInternet censorship is the use of filters or ‘blocks’ to control what is published, access and viewed across the internet. It is used by parents, organisations such as schools and corporations and governments to restrict what their citizen’s access and post online. Internet censorship has occurred since the early days of the public internet, where governments around the world have attempted to address the issue of illegal materi al, political propaganda, harmful material or content deemed unsuitableRead MoreInternet Censorship Essay886 Words   |  4 PagesInternet Censorship Presently, it seems that the Internet is playing a very important role in everyones daily life. This multipurpose network has many different functions useful for everyday work and entertainment. Due to the freedom of the Internet various debates and protests have come to disagree with its open form of communication. Because of the misuse of the internet many people believe that there should be some kind of internet censorship, while others are against internet censorshipRead More Internet Censorship Essay2216 Words   |  9 PagesInternet Censorship Max walks into the classroom five minutes late, his shirt untucked and hardly buttoned. He sits down a few desks away from Ben who had arrived five minutes early and was waiting patiently for class to start. Although the boys seemed completely opposite, Ben the more conservative and shy one, while Max, a little more rebellious and mischievous, they were best friends and did most everything together. A few weeks into their fifth grade year, the teacherRead More Internet Censorship Essays3790 Words   |  16 PagesInternet Censorship There is a growing debate about censoring the internet. Some people think that the internet is protected under the first ammendment and cannot be censored. Others think that some of the material that is on the net needs to be filtered and regulated. The word censorship is defined as examining any material and prohibiting what is objectionable, according to Webster’s II dictionary. Censoring the internet is a violation of the first ammendment rights of every citizen

Similarities And Differences Of Sexuality Among Major...

Similarities Differences towards sexuality among major religions Human sexuality is the expression of sexual sensation and related intimacy between human beings, Psychologically, sexuality is the means to express the fullness of love between a man and woman. Biologically, is it the means through which a child is conceived and the lineage is passed on to the next generation (new world encyclopedia). Sexuality has existed for as long as creation has been evolving, Egyptians in ancient times weren t so different than us but they had different views. For instance, Egypt was open and for the most part wasn t filled with guilt towards the act. Lets not forget that it was ancient times after all, adultery was unacceptable just like it is viewed now except that woman usually got the worst punishment. A man could be just be made to divorce but the woman would be beaten, killed and feed to the dogs. Although, that is merely one set of culture standards, in other parts woman were the ones in power because their ability for reproduction was viewed positively. The ability to give life to a child and procreate was seen as the ultimate gift from â€Å"God†. In early religions the procreating power is worshipped in god regarded as its embodiment. Virginity is sacrificed to gods in order to secure their favor. Virginity and continence are enforced either, again, as a sacrifice pleasing to the gods because indulgence in the pleasures of the flesh is regarded as the root of great moral evils.Show MoreRelatedAn Individual’S Sexual Curiosity In And Enticement To Other1095 Words   |  5 Pagesindividuals; having stimulating feelings and experiences, speak to human sexuality. Different from sexuality, biological sex is classified through genetics, anatomy, hormones and physiology; female or male. An individual s intelligence of their own gender refers to gender identity or sociocultural classification, which is also set apart from sexuality; however, it is constructed on biological sex and shapes sexual orientation. Sexuality is practiced and displayed in several ways that include opinionsRead MoreHistory 53 Judaism Essay1737 Words   |  7 Pagesall Western religions and explain why some people argue that Zoroastrianism provides the foundation for much of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. 4 Id- When and why was the Temple in Jerusalem destroyed for the last time? Explain the differences between Sadducees, Zealots and Essenes. What was the Maccabean Revolt? What festivity celebrates this event? In terms of the 6 Ways, how did Judaism change after the destruction of the temple? 5 Id-What are the similarities and differences between OrthodoxRead MoreChristianity, Judaism, and Islam Paper2281 Words   |  10 Pageswith the religions Judaism and Islam. There are few similarities between the three major religions. One similarity is that Abraham is viewed the same between all three religions. The only other similarity is that all 3 religions believe in a God, just in different ways. There are much more similar theological aspects of the religions when Christianity is compared to Islam itself and Judaism alone. Judaism is, of course, much older that Christianity but there are still many similarities. WhilstRead MoreIts Time for Legalization of Same Sex Adoption Around the Country1352 Words   |  6 Pagesthe lifestyle that same-sex patents present. In addition, the government has to realize that religion should not play a role in whether or not gays should be able to adopt as a couple. People always say they feel for children and wish they could help. Well here is that opportunity! These children need a loving home, and if a gay or lesbian couple can provide that, why not let them. I agree that religion plays an import part in everyday life, but that alone does not provide security for those in fosterRead MoreA Cultural Diversity Training Program1213 Words   |  5 PagesBy having a training program in place of cultural and diversity areas can help prevent the organization in getting sued or prevent a major lawsuit. That is why organizational leaders are charged with making sure they ar e in compliant with Federal and State laws. If an employee feels they have been treated differently, because of their culture, age, color, religion, or physical disabilities, this could lead to legal trouble for the organization (Kesee, 2010). One of the organizations that prohibitRead MoreAdoption to the Homosexuals Couples Essay1410 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience, the lifestyle that same-sex parents contribute. In addition, the government must consider that religion should not play a role in whether or not gays should be able to adopt as a couple. People always say they feel for children and wish they could help. Well here is that opportunity! These children need a loving home, and if a gay or lesbian couple can offer that, why not let them. Religion plays an import part in everyday life, but that alone does not give security for those in foster careRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Sexual : A History Of Sexuality Essay2012 Words   |  9 PagesThe Importance of Being Sexual: A History of Sexuality Sex is the force that drives the continuation of humanity, and sexuality is an integral part of human life. Next to survival, the most primitive primal human instinct is sex. Sexuality is something carnal and pervasive, something that is responsible for and touches the lives of everyone. Understanding its history, its relativity to culture and era, and its fluidity of meaning is vital to gaining and composing a full understanding of the behaviorsRead MoreAdolescence Is A Critical Time For A Human1405 Words   |  6 Pagesinto a perception of self. Adolescents are struggling to identify different areas in their life such as religious preferences, sexuality, future careers, and hobbies. According to Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman (2013): Arriving at answers to such questions is among the most important tasks people face in life. Without answers, a person will not be prepared to make such major decisions as to which career to select; deciding whether, when to whom to marry; deciding where to live; and deciding what toRead MoreTaking a Look at Gender Norms962 Words   |  4 Pagesintrinsic part of the societal social order and introduces divisions. These gender divisions become interwoven in the economy, family, arts, religion, politics and daily existence. Gender therefore interconnects with economic disparity, racial or ethnic hierarchy, caste supremacy and differences based on sexual orientation. Gender inadvertently becomes a major social status, a way of life for the individuals in these societies, in other words, gender norms arise. Gender norms refer to socially definedRead MoreWhy Should People Commit Crime And Labeling Theory From A Sociological Perspective1743 Words   |  7 Pageslabeling theory. In this essay, I am going to compare and contrast the two theories and explain how tattooing has become a stigma in today s society. I am going to discuss three similarity views; first they share ties with social strain in deviance, by the way, society is structured. Second, they both deal with crime among minority group as well as crime rates in the United States. Third, both anomie-strain and labeling theory focus on the deviant behavior regarding the individual social and cultural

A Secret Weapon for Short Essays

A Secret Weapon for Short Essays There are a great deal of books that purport to provide an advantage in seeking admission. Some students might not always see it that manner. If you plan far enough ahead, you're going to be able to get lots of feedback from your family members, friends, and teachers, also. The style of a generic college essay also has to be consistent, in other words, keeping the exact same register formal from the start to the end. The Short Essays Cover Up Caring is when you do a very good deed for someone, because it's the best thing to do. Everybody has a story to tell. Every remark is potentially finalpotentially the very last thing you tell a friend till they die, or merely go somewhere. Transition words, see a means to essay-company. Expository essay utilizes formal language to go over someone or something. Stereotypes also are developing a false idea of the way that they interact with different individuals. Great stereotypes may also be harmful and cause new difficulties. The New Fuss About Short Essays Thus, when you purchase short essays on the internet with the confidence this trusted leader in academic support and professional writing support inspires, you'll get assured you have completed the correct choice! Writing seems to you the absolute most complex portion of an academic pathway, let alone when it has to do with writing according to a particular task with a great deal of restrictions. Sooner or later, the method appears to work out reasonably well. Our crew of writers processes hundreds of essay papers daily and so know exactly the type of topics that are of a tremendous demand by professors. The personal achievements and characteristics will not ever be the sole reason a student isn't admitted, but nevertheless, it could be a big component in earning a student successfully admitted. Generally the variety of points will reflect the degree of detail your instructor expects. If a student is trying to write, they ought to be perhaps given extra time to receive their work done or provided additional aid. Many students seek scholarship so the financial characteristics of studying would be less of a burden in their opinion. Introducing Short Essays Such a quick form also provides you certain benefits, ever since your story can be published in many magazines, anthologies devoted to a specific topic, or on different internet sites. Once you've got an outline, you may clearly understand your direction, writing the entire story according to a specific structure. When you compose a quick essay, you have to bear in mind that there aren't any elements to be sacrificed. It's th e most fascinating essay about boredom you're ever going to read, or within this case watchhe filmed a quick video edition of the essay for his YouTube channel. Over the span of the last ten years, the rapid development of IoT has resulted in the growth of several connected solutions in a number of vertical markets, including smart agriculture, utilities, and (of course) parking. It isn't as demanding as other forms of academic papers, but nevertheless, it can provide you an overall insight on writing providing you with the fundamental skills of information gathering, creating an outline, and editing. Numerous alternative logical structures for essays are visualized as diagrams, making them simple to implement or adapt in the building of an argument. Today, there are several on-line websites that provide sample papers. Now you've got to demonstrate that you understand how to properly write short essays. Subsequently, essay was defined in many different ways. Every essay should incorporate every honor or prize you've ever won. Short essays are still spend the sort of formal essay because the parts want to get included in it. When one makes the decision to acquire short essays online he worries whether his order is going to be delivered in time. You can also buy a duplicate of the book on Amazon.com. Use particular criteria to essays printer-friendly edition. Short essays, in the same way regular creative essays or, for instance, psychology coursework essays, might be assigned as homework or last assessment work at the close of the term or academic calendar year. Following are some essays students may read, not just to help them see how such writing is done in real life, but also to find out more about the world around them. Students are requested to explain, comment on, or assess a subject of study in the shape of an essay.

Discharge Plan for Patient Who Underwent Total Hip Replacement free essay sample

This paper focuses on the discharge plan for patient who underwent the Total Hip Replacement (THR). The nurse, as a case manager, works with the multidisciplinary team to determine the appropriate discharge plan for the patient. The roles and responsibilities of each member are elaborated. The healthcare issues, the safety assessment are discussed. In this case study the patient lives alone during the recovery from the surgery, so the effects of social isolation and psychological factors on the recovery process are also explained. Assessment of the Situation: After the assessment of Mr. Trosack medical conditions, the three healthcare issues that present are identified as (1) high fall risk, (2)the insufficient family support, (3) the pain issues that are resulted from the hip fracture and the total hip replacement (THR), and (4) the impaired mobility. There are many factors that will put Mr. Trosack at risk for future falls. First, the physiological changes associated with ageing that affect mobility. These factors may include hearing loss, visual impairment, decreased muscle mass, decreased muscle strength; especially in lower extremities, as well as a decrease in endurance. These conditions make the older adults vulnerable and contributing falls. Second, some of the medications that are prescribed for Mr. Trosack such as Percocet, Glucophage, and Lopressor have adverse side effects that may increase the risk of future falls. Percocet was prescribed for his postoperative pain, Glucophage was prescribed as an anti diabetic agent, and Lopressor used to treat hypertension. Some of the side effects of Percocet associated with falls include orthostatic hypotension and sedation which can make him dizzy or drowsy. Hypoglycemia is a side effect of Glucophage and it is also risk factor for falls. Lopressor may cause fatigue, weakness, and hypotension and these symptoms could also easily increase the incidence of falls. In addition to the medications, other complications that develop after hip surgery are pain and impaired mobility which are also added risk factors of falls. Upon further assessment using the Morse fall scale it was found that Mr.Trosack scored 65. A patient who scores more than 25 is at high risk and should have fall prevention strategies in place (Mauk, 2010). Because of the several high risk fall factors that present Mr. Trosack ,it should be recommended that he not be discharged to his home where he has to mostly mange his own care and risk future injury. His family also refuses any outside nursing assistance and it will be extremely difficult for Mr. Trosack to perform the basic activities of daily living. Another healthcare issue is the insufficient family support Mr. Trosack receives. He currently lives alone in his own apartment on the second floor of a three story apartment building. He has a son, Peter who is 44 years old and married. Peter and his wife are very busy with their careers and both work about sixty hours a week. They are also trying to conceive their first child. Living this type of life and having their own family commitments will not allow them to offer much help to Mr. Trosack. It also has been shown that in the past Peter has had minimal contact with his father. The other family member that Mr. Trosack could look to is his brother, Karl. However, most of Karl’s time is occupied with working schedules at the family-owned bakery store. This limitation prevents him to assist with Mr. Trosack’s daily care. Furthermore, the results of the family interview show that the family members have inadequate knowledge about the needs of taking medications. They also do not believe that Mr. Trosack has Diabetes and assume that a modification to his diet is enough to cure the disease. Since it appears that family members cannot provide sufficient care along with their lack of knowledge about his illness and treatments, Mr. Trosack is not safe to be discharged to his home. The nurse must reevaluate and find placement where he can have adequate and effective care in a long-term care and rehabilitation facility. This will provide him the nursing care, wound care, physical therapy, ambulation assistance, dietary consultation to control Diabetes, teaching, and other services needed to facilitate his recovery and prepare him to care for himself at home. The third healthcare concern is the pain issues that can affect the recovery process and quality of life. The incision pain from the surgery may interfere with his mobility and activity of daily living. Mr. Trosack potentially needs help for some asic daily functions such as preparing meals, getting dressed, taking showers, and getting out of bed. Although he has been prescribed Percocet to manage his pain he has a history of medication non -compliance as evidenced by the many old prescriptions that fill his bathroom medicine cabinet. Therefore, it is believed that he may not take his medications as prescribed, so pain may continue to affect his mobility, self care, and daily functions. Pain may also cause sleep disturbance, such as sleep deprivation, which can lead to fatigue and decreased immune functions. This potentially will slow down the recovery process after the surgery. Keeping these indications in mind, the pain issues described here should be considered when planning for discharging the elderly patient. The fourth healthcare issue is impaired mobility. The mobility impairment affects patient both physical and psychological aspects. Due to the gait instability, poor balance, pain and, muscle weakness caused by the hip fracture and the surgery, Mr. Trosack has to use walker for ambulation. However, he lives in a small cluttered apartment, the bathroom is also small with no safety equipments installed, and there are many scatter rugs, this home environment highly put him at risk for falls. Using walker as an assistive device for ambulation and not being able to independently perform daily activities like before, these are the adjustments to the lifestyle changes which can lead a psychological problem as he states â€Å"he is being disabled†. Due to the fact that he is living alone, if the discharge destination is home, the feeling of being disabled and the isolated living conditions, may lead to a psychological disorder such as depression. Therefore, the interdisciplinary team will need to consider the impaired mobility issues when planning for the discharge placement. The interdisciplinary team works together to develop an appropriate discharge plan that meets patient’s goals, needs, and their medical conditions. The plan will also promote their independence in their activity of daily living as much as possible. Some of the healthcare professionals that make up the multidisciplinary team to establish the discharge plan for Mr. Trosack include the physician, nurse, physical therapist, and the registered dietitian. The members of the team have the specific roles and responsibilities. The physician assesses the patient’s medical conditions, summarizes the medications and the treatments. Next, the physician then writes the discharge order, discusses the discharge plan of care, and the follow up visits with Mr. Trosack and family members. The nurse’s role, as a case manager, is involved in all aspects of the discharge planning. The nurse will inform Mr. Trosack and his family about the discharge process. In this scenario, after the evaluation of the patient’s clinical conditions and psychosocial issues, the patient is likely to be placed in a skilled nursing facility. The nurse will coordinate with the chosen facility and make arrangements for the transfer to ensure a smooth transition and for the continuity of care. Teaching is an essential part of nursing care. Mr. Trosack and his family members will be taught how to manage the incision site, his pain, Diabetes, and hypertension. Teaching also involves dispensing medications along with the side effects, the appropriate diet to control blood sugar levels, diabetic foot care, prevention of fall risk, good nutrition to promote healing, signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and when to report to the healthcare provider. Another healthcare professional who will play an important role in the discharge plan is a Physical Therapist (PT). Mr. Trosack will be assessed and evaluated about his mobility status, balance, and gait patterns. PT will make recommendations about assistive devices for ambulation such as a walker and arrangements for gait and balance training. PT also provides teaching to patients and their family members about exercise programs such as strengthening exercises to improve muscle strength around the hip joint and legs. Other types of the exercise may include range of motion exercise which can prevent joint stiffness and maintains joint flexibility. Additional instruction includes the proper use of the devices, safe transferring, and positioning techniques. Other personnel who make up the interdisciplinary team is the registered dietitian (RD). An RD will work with the patient and perform an assessment using medical and social history, diet history and laboratory data to plan for the appropriate nutrition program. Individualized sample menus and meal plans based on patient conditions are provided to patient and family members. The RD also monitors the patient’s nutritional status and the response to the plan to improve the clinical outcomes. With his current medical illnesses, Mr. Trosack needs adequate calories, vitamin c, and zinc to promote wound healing and recovery from the Total Hip Replacement. The meal plan should also include a diabetic diet to control blood sugar levels and the proper nutrition to manage hypertension. As for the discharge placement for Mr. Trosack, the results of the safety assessment are important and will be used to determine the post discharge site of care. The data from the interview of the patient and family members reveal that the patient’s goal is to be discharged home. However, the assessment of the current living environment found that there were many factors not suitable for Mr. Trosack’s recovery at home. He lives in a three- story building, on a second floor, and there is no elevator, the post surgery conditions will make it difficult for him to take the stairs. Mr. Trosack also mentions in the interview that he cannot go to the basement. Furthermore, his apartment is small and cluttered, and there are many small rugs scatter throughout the apartment, this makes it difficult for him to get around and to manipulate the walker. Also, the bathroom is small and there are no safety tools, such as a raised toilet seat installed for patient who just underwent the hip surgery. The further assessment found many expired old prescriptions in the medicine cabinet; this reflects his noncompliance with medications in the past. Other factors that need to take into the considerations when the patient is discharged home are the transportations to the follow up visits, the support of the family, and the ability of the patient to manage the activity of daily living (ADLs). Mr. Trosack’s family members are too busy with work and unlikely to provide the adequate support. Therefore, Mr. Trosack will have a difficulty getting the medications, and going to the follow up visits. As for the capability to manage basic ADLs, the incision pain and the unsteady gait can interfere with the ability to perform some basic functions, for instance, getting dress, getting in and out of bed, and using the toilet. Based on the safety assessment and the interview data, Mr.Trosack should be discharged to the skilled nursing facility where he can receive the skilled nursing care and rehabilitation services, while working towards the goal to go home. If Mr. Trosack and the family members decided to be discharged home, the nurse will need to explain the plan of care and provide the extensive teaching to the patient and family members. This is to ensure that the patient will receive a safe and effective care at home. The teaching must be emphasized on the patient safety which includes home modification and fall preventions. The additional information includes diabetic care, medication and side effects, the ability of the family to provide supports on both physical and psychosocial needs. The nurse also may provide the necessary information about the community resources that helps to support the patient’s care. As for the safety measure, if possible, Mr. Trosack should move to the ground floor apartment. The living environment inside the apartment needs to be modified for an easy ambulation to decrease fall risks. The adequate lighting, removing the clutter and make the clean pathways are essential. He also needs some safety equipment installed in the bathroom. These may consist of the bath seat, high toilet seat, grab bars, a tub transfer bench, and the assistive devices to help with the low body dressing and bathing (http://www. texashealth. org/body. cfm? id=1619). During the recovery period, the family members have to consider the ability to manage their time in order provide Mr. Trosack the sufficient and effective care. Mr. Trosack will not be able to take the stairs, therefore he will need the assistance from the family to deliver meals or groceries, and remove the trash. The family members can also assist in removing the spoilage food in the refrigerator, and the old medications in the bathroom cabinet. The current prescribed medications, the walker, and the telephone should be located within reach. The family members may take turn to help patient with the dressing changes, bathing, dressing, and toileting. In addition, due to the medical diagnoses of Diabetes and hypertension, the family and Mr. Trosack also will receive the teaching on the diabetic care, the appropriate nutrition to control blood sugar and blood pressure. The diabetic care teaching involves the monitoring of the incision site for signs and symptoms of infections, any skin breakdown, and the daily inspections of the feet. Moreover, the nurse will also teach the patient the proper use of the glucometer, the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, and the proper response to these conditions. The nurse will also educate patient and the family members about weight reduction and the health benefits. Mr. Trosack weights 210 lbs; losing weight will help him improve the medical conditions of Diabetes and hypertension. Weight loss helps promote cell’s sensitivity to insulin. It also has a positive effect on lowering blood pressure. Teaching also includes medications and the side effects, and when to report to the healthcare provider. The nurse will explain the importance of taking medications to manage the current illnesses. The negatives effects of medication non compliance also should be addressed. Besides nursing care, PT also provide teaching about the proper use of walker, the safe positioning and transferring, and the exercise program to promote the joint movements and muscle strengths. Taking care of Mr. Trosack requires a great amount of time and commitment. Since Mr. Trosack has medical issues from the surgery, his brother, Karl has to manage the bakery business alone. Karl will struggle with work and managing time to adequately take care of his brother. Similarly, Mr. Trosack’s son, Peter and his wife also have high pressure from work. They both work in the average of sixty hours per week. Besides they plan to conceive a child. So their situations may not allow them to provide Mr. Trosack a competent care. Because the family declines the outside nursing care, the nurse can provide the community resource lists to assist the family in provide the adequate care. For instance, the local senior center offers the different services to serve the elderly in the community such as senior transportation program; this can help Mr. Trosack to go to the scheduled follow up visits. Some of the other services are the meals on wheels which delivers the nutritious meal to the patient’s home. Also the respite care, this helps the family to have a temporary relief from providing care to the patient. Besides the physical care, the older adults also need psychological supports to promote the recovery. Social isolation and psychological factors can impact patient’s recovery from the illness. The causes of social isolation may be due to the lack of supports from family and friends, the financial difficulty, the illnesses, cognitive impairment, and lack of transportations. Also, the physiological changes associated with ageing, for instance, the impaired sensory functions, such as poor vision and hearing loss, can decrease the ability of the elderly to interact with other people which can result in social isolation. Being isolated from the society, it can lead to the loneliness. The lonely patients tend to have no interest in self care and physical activity. They also usually don’t comply with medications and medical treatments; this may cause the negative clinical outcomes. Furthermore, the elderly who lives alone with no supports commonly has poor appetite. A good nutrition is needed for wound healing and the recovery from the surgery and diseases. In contrast, poor nutrition will slow down the healing and recovery process. In addition, dealing with the illnesses is a great challenge in life; the patients will experience the emotional difficulty and need some supports to get through the situation. Lastly, social isolation is usually associated with poor mental health. This may further cause psychological dysfunctions such as depression and suicide. Apart from social isolation, psychological factors such as personal’s beliefs, optimisms, and the ability to cope with stress and the challenges in life, also play important role in the recovery process. The elder patients, who are optimistic about their care, and the possibility of the recovery, normally have a better a capability to cope with stress and the illnesses better than the pessimistic patients. They believe in the healthcare providers and the positive outcomes of the treatments, therefore these patients are likely to corporate with the plan of care, the necessary life style changes to improve the medical conditions, and doctor appointments. The optimists generally maintain good social supports and participate in social activities. They are also mostly in a good emotional state and happy with their lives. The happiness is linked to better immune functions, which lead to positive recovery outcomes. Besides optimism, the ability to cope with stresses also an essential element in the recovery process. The older patients who are capable of applying the coping skills to reduce stress may have better clinical outcomes that those who lack of stress management skills. The high level of chronic stress affects the physiological functions of the body. In response to stress, our body releases the cortisol hormone. One of cortisol functions is to suppress immune system. When the immune system is weak, it decreases the ability of the body to recover from diseases and fight infections. Based on Mr. Trosack medical’s condition, the results of safety assessment, and the information from patient and the family’s interview, he should be discharged to the skilled nursing facility and work towards the goal to be discharged home. At the skilled nursing facility, he will receive the care needed for the recovery. Mr. Trosack will have nursing assistant to assist with some ADLs such as toileting and dressing. He will received nursing care to monitor the incision site, manage the incision pain, monitor blood sugar levels to prevent the complications of diabetes. Also he will be provided proper nutrition and pharmacological interventions to manage diabetes and hypertension. Furthermore, he will be monitored for future falls and injury. Besides nursing care, Mr. Trosack will receive physical therapy treatments and the exercise program to improve balance and muscle strengths. He will also learn about the proper positioning to prevent the dislocation of the hip joint. Moreover, he will receive the adequate supports from the medical professionals and the staff. Also, he will have the opportunity to participate in group activities which will give him a sense of social connectedness. This helps promote mental health and facilitate the recovery. In conclusion, the nurse as a case manager works with patient, family members, and the interdisciplinary team to plan for the appropriate discharge for the patient. The discharge destination is chosen based on patient’s goal and needs. The results of the safety assessment and the interview of the family and patient along with patient’ medical conditions are used to determine the discharge placement. If the patient’s goal is to be discharged home, the nurse must provide the family the information about the needs of home modifications, the safety equipments installation to prevent future falls. Also, the nurse will discuss with the family members regarding the supports patient will receive at home during the recovery period. The nurse will also explain the family about the effects of social isolation and the psychological factors in the recovery process.

Theories of Cognitive Development an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky Essay Example

Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky Essay Theories of Cognitive Development: An insight to the theories of Piaget, Information-processing and Vygotsky How do we learn? How do we grow? Over the years, psychologists have studied to great lengths the processes that humans go through as they progress from infancy to adulthood. Several theories have emerged over time with three prominent ones. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky produced two important and distinct theories. Another important theory, the information-processing theory, presents a completely different point of view. Each theory has is differences from the other and gives insight into the developing human mind. Jean Piaget believed that all children are curious and act as scientists in their never-ending quest to build understanding about the world around them. He theorized that children use schemes, which are constructs that children categorize events with. Examples of schemes would be â€Å"play things†, â€Å"things I eat† and â€Å"things I don’t like†. Piaget’s next term was assimilation, which is when children add things to one scheme or another, example, a child having peanut butter for the first time and placing it in â€Å"things I eat†. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Accomodation is when a child modifies a scheme because they have assimilated something that requires the entire scheme to be slightly redefined i. e. when a child learns that certain objects needs to be grasped with two hands instead of only one. (Kail/Cavanaugh, 133) The focus of Piaget’s study was on the four main stages of development. He believed that an individual goes through four main changes/stages in their life at birth and ages two, seven, and eleven. The first stage is the Sensorimotor stage. From birth to approximately age two, children are highly aware of stimuli and begin to figure out how to recreate them and what each one means. Senses and motor reflexes begin development. Also, object permanence, the understanding that objects exist when they are not in sight, begins to develop in this stage. Until approximately month 8 children will see an object and react to it, but if it is covered, the child will think it has ceased to exist and find interest in something else. This is a prime example of the adage â€Å"Out of sight, out of mind. † From 8 months to about 12 months, if there object were to be covered, the child would then search for it, not understanding that it is simply under a cloth, thus making the game â€Å"Peek-a-boo† enjoyable for the child. Piaget states that it takes until about 18 months for object permanence to be established. Preoperational Thinking is the second of Piaget’s stages. This stage focuses mostly on egocentrism, which is a child difficulty to see situations for another point of view. Preoperational children simply do not comprehend that other people differ in their ideas, convictions, and emotions† (Kail/Cavanaugh, 135) During the Preoperational Stage, children may begin to project their feelings onto inanimate objects, which is referred to as animism. At approximately age 7, a child enters the Concrete Operational Stage. This stage marks the beginning of the recognition that people experie nce things in different ways, thus beginning to give the child a sense of individuality. Here, the child begins to use abstract thinking and making decisions rationally based on observed phenomena. The child is now able to understand 4 + 2 = 6 and 6 – 4 = 2, as they have the ability to reverse operational thought. â€Å"The limitation of the third stage of cognitive development is that operations are only carried out on concrete objects, and limited to two characteristics at the same time. † (Lin, 2002) The fourth and final stage of Piaget’s theory is the Formal Operational Period. This period lasts from around age eleven to the end of life. No longer a child, the adolescent is capable of complex abstract thought and logic. Concrete evidence is no longer necessary to base judgments and decisions. Complex algebraic manipulation is possible now, meaning the individual would understand a + b = c then a = c – b and a/b = c then ac = b. (Child Development Center 2008) The Information-processing Theory is based on the construct that the human mind contains Mental Hardware and Software. This mental hardware is the â€Å"wiring† of the brain. It is the structure and pathways built in that allow the brain to function. The software is in reference to â€Å"programs† that allow people to perform specific tasks. Supporters of this theory believe that children’s mental software continues to grow and develop thorough life, becoming more complex. Part of the Information Processing Theory is attention, which is a process that determines what sensory information receives extra cognitive processing. Over time, children learn to focus attention between orienting responses, which grab the attention, and tasks at hand. As development continues, attention span is developed and children become able to focus their attention on things for longer periods of time. Learning is another important part of the Information-processing. Learning occurs through the process classical conditioning, among others. In classical conditioning, one response is elicited be providing a stimulus that is produced by another stimulus. The ever-popular example would be Pavlov’s dog. In this experiment, dogs were trained to recognize that food, which caused salivation, would be given to them after a bell was rung. Eventually the dogs learned that the bell meant food was coming and began to salivate upon hearing the bell. â€Å"Young babies remember events for days or even weeks at a time. † (Kali/Cavanaugh, 149) Experiments by Rovee-Collier prove three things: 1. Babies remember past events, 2. These events are eventually forgotten, 3. Cues can remind the baby of the events. As the memory develops over the first two years, the memory center so the brain, hippocampus and amygdala, show growth and development. Autobiographical memory is also important. With parental encouragement and discussion of past events, children’s memory has shown to be richer and more vivid. Number skills are the last component to the information-processing theory. Infants are aware of ordinality, which is the fact that numbers differ in magnitude. By age three, children have mastered three principles. The first principle is the one-to-one principle. This principle refers to the idea that each number has an exact and unchanging quantity. The Stable-order principle is that numbers will always occur in the same order. The Cardinality Principle refers to the fact that when counting a quantity, the last number is the most important as it is the amount of whatever is being counted. Lev Vygotsky presented a fairly different approach to development. His theory, while not fully developed due to an early death, focuses on three main points of zone of proximal development, scaffolding, and private speech. Zone of proximal development is defined as the area between the level of performance a child can achieve when working independently and a higher level of performance that is possible when working under the guidance or direction of more skilled adults or peers. (Kali/Cavanaugh, 155) This is exemplified by the text’s example of children doing story problems. The children find themselves unable to complete the problem until directed by an adult who lays out the problem in steps for the child. Scaffolding is where teachers (of any manner) gauge how much assistance to offer based on how much help the student needs. Vygotsky states that only offering the correct amount of assistance and not â€Å"over-helping† promotes learning. Private speech, the final component of Vygotsky’s theory is speech by the child that is not intended for others. It is an undeveloped inner-monologue. Vygotsky called private speech a for of self-regulation. Inner Speech eventually develops and the child is able to self-regulate without verbal reminders from themselves. Each of these theories presents different yet valid points of view. Piaget presents a more â€Å"stepping-stone† point of view. Information-processing is more of an experiential learning track, whereas Vygotsky sees development as â€Å"as collaboration between expert and novice. † (Kali/Cavanaugh, 156) While none of these provide an exact and definitive answer into how he learn and grow, they give us an insight as to what is happening inside the human mind. Works Cited Kail, Robert V. , and John C. Cavanaugh. Human Development A Life-Span View. 4th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth, 2006. Huitt, W. (2003). The information processing approach to cognition. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved 15 May 2009 from http://chiron. valdosta. edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/infoproc. html Lin, S. (2002). Piagets developmental stages. In B. Hoffman (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of Educational Technology. Retrieved May 15, 2009, from http://coe. sdsu. edu/eet/Articles/piaget/start. htm Myers, Robert. Stages of Intellectual Development In Children and Teenagers, Child Development Institute. 15 May 2009. http://www. childdevelopmentinfo. com/development/piaget. shtml Theories of Cognitive Development an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky Essay Example Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky Essay Theories of Cognitive Development: An insight to the theories of Piaget, Information-processing and Vygotsky How do we learn? How do we grow? Over the years, psychologists have studied to great lengths the processes that humans go through as they progress from infancy to adulthood. Several theories have emerged over time with three prominent ones. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky produced two important and distinct theories. Another important theory, the information-processing theory, presents a completely different point of view. Each theory has is differences from the other and gives insight into the developing human mind. Jean Piaget believed that all children are curious and act as scientists in their never-ending quest to build understanding about the world around them. He theorized that children use schemes, which are constructs that children categorize events with. Examples of schemes would be â€Å"play things†, â€Å"things I eat† and â€Å"things I don’t like†. Piaget’s next term was assimilation, which is when children add things to one scheme or another, example, a child having peanut butter for the first time and placing it in â€Å"things I eat†. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Cognitive Development: an Insight to the Theories of Piaget, Information-Processing and Vygotsky specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Accomodation is when a child modifies a scheme because they have assimilated something that requires the entire scheme to be slightly redefined i. e. when a child learns that certain objects needs to be grasped with two hands instead of only one. (Kail/Cavanaugh, 133) The focus of Piaget’s study was on the four main stages of development. He believed that an individual goes through four main changes/stages in their life at birth and ages two, seven, and eleven. The first stage is the Sensorimotor stage. From birth to approximately age two, children are highly aware of stimuli and begin to figure out how to recreate them and what each one means. Senses and motor reflexes begin development. Also, object permanence, the understanding that objects exist when they are not in sight, begins to develop in this stage. Until approximately month 8 children will see an object and react to it, but if it is covered, the child will think it has ceased to exist and find interest in something else. This is a prime example of the adage â€Å"Out of sight, out of mind. † From 8 months to about 12 months, if there object were to be covered, the child would then search for it, not understanding that it is simply under a cloth, thus making the game â€Å"Peek-a-boo† enjoyable for the child. Piaget states that it takes until about 18 months for object permanence to be established. Preoperational Thinking is the second of Piaget’s stages. This stage focuses mostly on egocentrism, which is a child difficulty to see situations for another point of view. Preoperational children simply do not comprehend that other people differ in their ideas, convictions, and emotions† (Kail/Cavanaugh, 135) During the Preoperational Stage, children may begin to project their feelings onto inanimate objects, which is referred to as animism. At approximately age 7, a child enters the Concrete Operational Stage. This stage marks the beginning of the recognition that people experie nce things in different ways, thus beginning to give the child a sense of individuality. Here, the child begins to use abstract thinking and making decisions rationally based on observed phenomena. The child is now able to understand 4 + 2 = 6 and 6 – 4 = 2, as they have the ability to reverse operational thought. â€Å"The limitation of the third stage of cognitive development is that operations are only carried out on concrete objects, and limited to two characteristics at the same time. † (Lin, 2002) The fourth and final stage of Piaget’s theory is the Formal Operational Period. This period lasts from around age eleven to the end of life. No longer a child, the adolescent is capable of complex abstract thought and logic. Concrete evidence is no longer necessary to base judgments and decisions. Complex algebraic manipulation is possible now, meaning the individual would understand a + b = c then a = c – b and a/b = c then ac = b. (Child Development Center 2008) The Information-processing Theory is based on the construct that the human mind contains Mental Hardware and Software. This mental hardware is the â€Å"wiring† of the brain. It is the structure and pathways built in that allow the brain to function. The software is in reference to â€Å"programs† that allow people to perform specific tasks. Supporters of this theory believe that children’s mental software continues to grow and develop thorough life, becoming more complex. Part of the Information Processing Theory is attention, which is a process that determines what sensory information receives extra cognitive processing. Over time, children learn to focus attention between orienting responses, which grab the attention, and tasks at hand. As development continues, attention span is developed and children become able to focus their attention on things for longer periods of time. Learning is another important part of the Information-processing. Learning occurs through the process classical conditioning, among others. In classical conditioning, one response is elicited be providing a stimulus that is produced by another stimulus. The ever-popular example would be Pavlov’s dog. In this experiment, dogs were trained to recognize that food, which caused salivation, would be given to them after a bell was rung. Eventually the dogs learned that the bell meant food was coming and began to salivate upon hearing the bell. â€Å"Young babies remember events for days or even weeks at a time. † (Kali/Cavanaugh, 149) Experiments by Rovee-Collier prove three things: 1. Babies remember past events, 2. These events are eventually forgotten, 3. Cues can remind the baby of the events. As the memory develops over the first two years, the memory center so the brain, hippocampus and amygdala, show growth and development. Autobiographical memory is also important. With parental encouragement and discussion of past events, children’s memory has shown to be richer and more vivid. Number skills are the last component to the information-processing theory. Infants are aware of ordinality, which is the fact that numbers differ in magnitude. By age three, children have mastered three principles. The first principle is the one-to-one principle. This principle refers to the idea that each number has an exact and unchanging quantity. The Stable-order principle is that numbers will always occur in the same order. The Cardinality Principle refers to the fact that when counting a quantity, the last number is the most important as it is the amount of whatever is being counted. Lev Vygotsky presented a fairly different approach to development. His theory, while not fully developed due to an early death, focuses on three main points of zone of proximal development, scaffolding, and private speech. Zone of proximal development is defined as the area between the level of performance a child can achieve when working independently and a higher level of performance that is possible when working under the guidance or direction of more skilled adults or peers. (Kali/Cavanaugh, 155) This is exemplified by the text’s example of children doing story problems. The children find themselves unable to complete the problem until directed by an adult who lays out the problem in steps for the child. Scaffolding is where teachers (of any manner) gauge how much assistance to offer based on how much help the student needs. Vygotsky states that only offering the correct amount of assistance and not â€Å"over-helping† promotes learning. Private speech, the final component of Vygotsky’s theory is speech by the child that is not intended for others. It is an undeveloped inner-monologue. Vygotsky called private speech a for of self-regulation. Inner Speech eventually develops and the child is able to self-regulate without verbal reminders from themselves. Each of these theories presents different yet valid points of view. Piaget presents a more â€Å"stepping-stone† point of view. Information-processing is more of an experiential learning track, whereas Vygotsky sees development as â€Å"as collaboration between expert and novice. † (Kali/Cavanaugh, 156) While none of these provide an exact and definitive answer into how he learn and grow, they give us an insight as to what is happening inside the human mind. Works Cited Kail, Robert V. , and John C. Cavanaugh. Human Development A Life-Span View. 4th ed. Belmont: Wadsworth, 2006. Huitt, W. (2003). The information processing approach to cognition. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved 15 May 2009 from http://chiron. valdosta. edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/infoproc. html Lin, S. (2002). Piagets developmental stages. In B. Hoffman (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of Educational Technology. Retrieved May 15, 2009, from http://coe. sdsu. edu/eet/Articles/piaget/start. htm Myers, Robert. Stages of Intellectual Development In Children and Teenagers, Child Development Institute. 15 May 2009. http://www. childdevelopmentinfo. com/development/piaget. shtml