Leadership communication Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership communication - Term Paper ExampleIt lead be beneficial to both of us since I will be motivated to put more effort in my duty while, on the other hand, you will continue enjoying the benefits of leveraging from my skills, experience, and k at one timeledge.Indeed resources can be limited but the resourcefulness of a person has no limits. You can have no resources at all but by making yourself resourceful you will definitely make a difference in your life and even in soulfulness elses. Personally, I have been working at our familys pharmaceuticals firm for a considerable amount of time. Initially, when I began the job I was not paid I just took it as a personal initiative to make good use of myself for the overall benefit of our family. I worked diligently to ensuring all management issues argon sorted and within a short period the business had expanded considerably. My parents are very grateful for my services since the firm has grown in revenues, and now I am getting a monthly salary. I choose to volunteer, for the job, to put the skills I had learned in school into practice, but it has turned pop out to be a formal employment. My knowledge and skills have also improved immensely. Recently, I received an invitation from a multinational pharmaceuticals company offering me a mercenary job. The fact that I decide to make myself resourceful has opened new opportunities that are making my life better.The old saying practice makes perfect is nevertheless relevant in todays life. When I decided to venture into voluntary work in our familys business I had no creative thinker of whatever was taking place there but because of the interest that I had for the job I strived to overcome any shortcomings that confronted me. For instance, I made numerous mistakes in my entry by misplacing crucial documents and at times making stupid and obvious mistakes. However, I never gave up on

Project Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project Management - Research Paper ExampleStudies show that, a cost-benefit analysis is used by organizations to carry out evaluation of the total projected cost in a project concerning the expected overall(a) benefits in view of the viability of the proposed implementation project. costs unit entry extended Implementation process planning Hours 260 11,245 Labor contract Dollars 16000 16,000 Internal implementation labor Hours 900 38,925 stimulus/ capital cost Dollars 16000 16,000 Implementation cost 82,170 proceeding Operational costs Dollars/Month 1100 1,100 Maintenance cost Dollars/Month 1300 1,300 Proceeding/ongoing monthly costs 2,400 Remunerated implementation cost 1,600 Monthly cost $4,000 For an organization, which is mooting the implementation of an outsourcing payroll service system, the reckon revenue enhancement and cost reductions will shoot increase in employee productivity. This is because the employees have now the time to focus on many productive activities, whi ch is essence, will improve profitability for the company. Concerning cost reduction, the opposite direct way to reduce cost is avoidance of the IRS penalties. These forfeits may come because of improper bookkeeping and outflows. Through the outsourcing services, many companies may greatly avoid such penalties the income rise can be reduced basing on the organizational expenses. This is where the outsourcing services allow employees to launch reimbursement claims over the internet or online, which more beneficial and time is saving. On the other hand, indirect revenue enhancement may involve the process of building brands in other countries brand extension. In essence, this may be a case where the outsourced company uses and features the partner companys logo branding this allows the company to show case the company name and the logo in all customer and employee accessed pages. The best technology employment is one of the indirect methods of cost reduction. It could profit trivial industries, with less expertise fortes. To this end, there are risks associated with the implementation of a impertinent payroll system in an organization. According to findings, any implementation process carries with it some degree of risks. This calls for a risk plan to be include in the implementation process. In most cases, the focus of registers has been on the technology its functionality and the influence its failure may create on the overall project. The common risks associated with new payroll systems is, the repercussions when the system fails to deliver a live operation by a particular time the perceived contingence plan in place. The other risk is the change impact of organizational and political consequences associated with the movement from an old payroll model or system to the new system where the HR function becomes more neglected. To address these risks, studies indicate that, most new systems are designed while employing best practice model. This requires great responsibility for systems and their ownership within the adult male resource this allows the transfer of data being processed within the human resource payroll department, however, its working, majorly relies on the project requirements. It is only significant then to consider how to manage the interface process involving two parts of one organization with different requirements. In has been found that, in situations where there exists integrated systems, which have non been part of the operational culture or life of the human resource

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Assignment ExampleThe addition of these deuce variables would then be divided by the authoritative price the investor paid for the nervous strain or lot of stocks. This calculation would give the gross return. The net return is calculated by subtracting the tax expenses associated with the investment from the numerator of the formula. It is serious for investors to periodically calculate the return they would achieve if they sold a stock at a particular point in time. This can help investors watch out when it is the best moment to sell their stock investment. 2. Contrast regular and unsystematic pretend. There are two types of jeopardizes that investors must pay close attention to. The two types of risks are systematic and unsystematic risk. Systematic risk is a risk incidentor that cannot be control by the investor or the firm due to the fact that it is a market inherent risk. These risk factors affect all firms. Some examples of systematic risks include recessions, wars, in flation, and the occurrence of natural events. In the aftermath of the March 11, 2011 quake in Japan the valuation of most Japanese stocks when down a lot. This risk could not have been predicted by an investor. Unsystematic risk is also referred to as firm specific risk or diversifiable risk. Unsystematic risks are risks that can be controlled by the firm. Some examples of these risks include employee strikes, lawsuits, unsuccessful product launches, and the quality of the grok force hired by the firm. A way to offset the effects of unsystematic risks is through diversification. A smart investor is able to reduce the unsystematic risk of their portfolio by purchasing a wide array of investments including blue chip stocks, bonds, and mutual funds. Within the stocks selected by the investor they choose common stocks from firms from different industries. Both systematic and unsystematic risk must be considered by people that are contemplating investing in the stock market. 3. Explai n why the total risk of a portfolio is not simply equal to the weighted average of the risks of the securities in the portfolio. Many people think because the expected return on a portfolio is calculated as the weighted average of the expected returns of individual stocks that the risk of a portfolio is calculated in the same. Well all those people that thought that way are wrong. by and large speaking the portfolio risk is usually smaller than the weighted average. This occurs because on many instances the risk of different stocks offset each other. A way to measure how the risk of the different stocks of a portfolio is affected is by using the correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient measures the degree of relationship between two variables. It is possible for a portfolio of two stocks that two have risks to formulate a riskless portfolio if the risks of the two stocks cancel each other out. This can occur because the returns of each stock move in paired directions. 4. State what beta measures and its uses. The beta coefficient measures a stocks sensitivity to fluctuations in the stock market. The normal beta is 1.0. A 1.0 beta implies that the common stock has the same risk as the market. When a company has a beta below 1.0 the common stock of the firm is not affected too oft by the market risk. Stocks that have betas above 1.0 are very sensitive to fluctuations in the stock market. A stock that has a beta coefficient of 2.0 implies that the firm is double as volatile or risky as

William Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeares crossroads EssayThe tone of William Shakespeares Hamlet is discipline by the theme of hydrophobia and deception. The death of Hamlets father and the appearance of his ghost to his son sets into motion a series of rasets that realize in leads to the near measure destruction of the Danish court. No one proves to be safe from the pervasive nature of their own guilt, real or imagine, as the char fleckers fall victim to Hamlets madness and the kings deception. Revenge and fear, in particular, play central roles in the eventual conclusions of the play, as it provides a vehicle for the conceits of madness and deceit, as well as the bloody and darken shadow that falls upon Denmark itself. Even before he sees his fathers ghost among the castle walls, the seeds of suspicion and disgust have already grown to fruition within Hamlets mind. whole that is needed to touch off this dark depression into right-blown action is a spark. This spark comes in the form of t he deceased king, who gives voice to his sons suspicions.Its interesting, given the full blown form that Hamlets madness by and by takes, to consider that the conversation surrounded by father and ghost may have been a delusion. Though its hard to put out off the apparition itself as false, since it is the guards who first see the ghost walking silently, the conversation between father and son is private and serves to provide justification for Hamlets later actions. In this way, its possible that this conversation was simply the beginning point for Hamlets growing insanity. From this first act, the other events fall in quick succession as though predicted.Death becomes a central almost fated result of the lethal mixture of Hamlets growing insanity and the guilt of the king There is a delightful line between Hamlets realities and his delusions, as shown in the truth of his uncles deceit. Its all important(predicate) that the tragedy of Hamlet begins and ends with death, providin g a full-circle to the Kings murder of his brother and Hamlets own revenue and death. This is due in part to the larger significance of death both as an ending and a beginning. The tragedy of Hamlet itself begins and ends with death while the dead themselves provide witnesses.Its important to note that even as the death should be released by the chain of events, they are not allowed to truly rest. From Hamlets father the king, to Ophelias drowned memory, they are allowed little reprieve. Instead their deaths act as cataclysms for more tragedy and death. It is Ophelia and Poloniuss deaths that cause Laertes to meet his death at the end of Hamlets poison-tipped blade. Connected to the idea of strike back, the dead are fuel to the fire and shadow that seep into the minds and actions of all involved.Given the heavy presence of death, it is no wonder that the images of darkness and the adjective black is repeated passim the book. It seems to be almost an stark(a) night in Hamlets Den mark. There is no comfort. There is no hope, only sadness and death. Revenge, madness, and feel are connected in Hamlet through their super acid dark designs and darker endings. The need for revenge, which is bred from Hamlets encounter with his fathers ghost and eventually drives his madness, is not justice. This revenge is part duty, part self-preservation.Hamlet is lost in his reinvigorated role in his family, with his mothers marriage to his uncle and the usurpation of the crown from Hamlets own head. In taking action against his uncle, Hamlet is defending the honor of his family and attempting to reclaim his own self which has been lost (I. iv. ll. 21). With the new developments, Denmark itself has become a prison (II. ii. ll. 241), and he is a prisoner to the awareness of his position and the growing need to exact revenge. It is important to make the distinction between the two, revenge and justice.Hamlet is seeking to right the wrong of his fathers death, at first through revelation but then when this fails through violence. There is not the wizard that Hamlet expects to escape his own death in the process of exacting revenge but at the same time there is the maddened ace of invincibility about him. He hopes to regain part of himself in destroying his uncle, however, he is already lost to his own fear and insanity. The concept of blood is important throughout the play, both in literal form in showing the brutality of Hamlets actions, and as representative of family.The physical presnece of blood is seen throughout the play in the deaths of even those who do end in bloodshed, like Ophelia. The final scene in Act V is the bloodiest, with the deaths of Laertes and Hamlet, the wounding of the King, and the poisoning of the Queen. That final scene is as well as a good example of the power of blood, in the family sense, as Hamlet finally gains announcement in the deception of his uncle and his mothers marriage and Laertes himself is able to avenge his sister and father.However, the concept of family goes much farther back in the play, to the very beginning with the first appearance of the dead king, still linked to his son and the tragedy of his blood, who himself is heard by Hamlet to call for revenge. For Hamlet, the concept of blood is perhaps the most sensitive and the core root to his own madness. A chief source of hurt pride for Hamlet is the marriage of his widowed mother to his uncle. In Hamlets eyes, not only has the new king usurped the role of his dead (murdered) brother but he has also taken over his brothers position in the Queens bed.This is not a difficult idea to understand Hamlet obviously feels a strong fealty to his father and to the idea of his own succession. However, Hamlets constant condemnation of the King and Queens marriage being incestuous shows more about Hamlet than his mother, who is constantly condemned by her son for the marriage. The king is Hamlets paternal uncle and therefore, unrelated to the Queen except through the marriage of his deceased brother, Hamlets uncle. Therefore there is no real incest going on between the newly married couple but rather a joining of past and present.Instead Hamlet is showing an intolerance to change, that when divorced of his uncles treachery, is not quite as damning. However, true to the form of the play, the marriage has been built upon the dark works of the King. Their marriage is a deceptive continuity, the Queen herself innocent to the dark deeds of the King. She is not wholly innocent, as she ignorantly believes in the innocence of the new King. While she obviously loves her son, in sensing and fearing Hamlets growing restlessness and insanity, she does in a manner turn away from him.Seeing only death in her sons countenance, it is understandable that she would ally herself with the calm presence of the new king. However, there is something of a resolution between mother and son. When the queen drinks the poison, the King has prepare d for Hamlet, she joins the ranks of the innocent dead. Like Ophelia, the Queen becomes a kind of martyr to the ulterior motives of royal ascendency and the revenge of her only son. Though the King may have had larger ideas of their marriage, the Queens tragedy seems to be a belief in hope.In remarrying she is hoping to continue her support and in Hamlet she sees hope for her love and affection, even as he rejects her. Without the morality of justice, Hamlets revenge fails to provide any resolution. While death is certainly an end and a recurrent theme throughout the play, the persistence and skewed senses of madness prevent the carnage of the Danish court from representing an absolute ending. Instead, there simply seems to be no one else to truly die, no one else to suffer within this narrative of tragedy.Hamlets madness had acted in a way to bring about the complete destruction of all hed ever held dear, it spent not only the resolve of its master but everything which it touched. The court of Denmark is withered but no longer a prison to Hamlet as he can depart in death as he was never able to in life. Though Hamlet finds his revenge and his end, he does not find true peace. Fueled by his own depression and anxiety, the injured pride of a fallen son, Hamlet sooner creates a cycle of violence and fear which in the end even he falls prey to.

The Mesopotamian Dbq (Outline) Essay Example for Free

The Mesopotamian Dbq (Outline) EssayGroup 1Mesopotamia* account 1 This register describes the story of an sincere god that shared water with animals at a watering hole. The document describes the importance of water by referencing to the herds of wild game and Enkidu. The people that have created this document have put much emphasis on water systems.* schedule 2 This document coers the spectrum of the river systems and agricultural growth in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus regions using a map.* scroll 3 In this document, a picture depicts reed huts in the marshes of Southern Iraq. It appears that in this area, a large, agricultural-based city does not thrive here. This document stresses that a booming river system is the base of cities.* Document 5 This document describes Marduks journey and his conversation that he held with the gods. Overall it is about the creation of Babylon. In the first paragraph, it mentions the lieu of where Babylon would be locates (near the Ti gris and the Euphrates river). This displays the importance that the Babylonians placed on river systems.A Marduk thought of the Earth as a mirror image of heaven, because he strengthened and prepared the drive to create holy precinct that would be the home of the gods.Group 2 Egypt* Document 2 This document covers the spectrum of the river systems and agricultural growth in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus regions using a map.* Document 6 This document shows the Pyramids of Giza located nearby the Nile. The mud blocks used to create the Pyramids must have been created from a nearby river system.Group 3 Indus River Valley* Document 2 This document covers the spectrum of the river systems and agricultural growth in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus regions using a map.* Document 4 In this document the formation of mud brick fortification suggests that the Indus river valley Harappa, India indicate that they had an accessible river system nearby.* Document 7 In this document, the w alls appear to be made from mud brick, which is a sign that they had utilized a nearby water system.Although the document above delivers evidence of the effect of rivers in these regions, it would be beneficial to have additional documents. A chart of population growth over time of all three regions would suffice. It would be able to display the comparisons and differences in the growth of population within each region. A excerpt of an Egyptian or Harappan script that described the role that their river systems played in their society.

Evolving Toward Ecstasy Essay Example for Free

Evolving Toward Ecstasy EssayThis art review by Robert smith is on a Matisse Exhibition that was at the Metropolitan Museum of Art last November, Matisse In Search of True Painting. The name of this article comes from a quote from Matisse himself, where he claims to work towards what I feel toward a kind of ecstasy. From the beginning of the article, Smith raves ab protrude this exhibit. He calls it one of the most thrillingly instructive exhibitions about this painter, or picture show in general, that you may ever see. His excitement for it is unmistakable, but this may be a biased opinion, as he seems to be a huge strike out of Matisse himself.He seems genuinely impressed with Rebecca Rabinow, a curator of modern and contemporary art, and how she put the exhibit together, but his love for the artist most likely influenced his view. He praises the decision to show Matisses penchant for copying pieces and working in series. Two still life arrangements with fruit and compot e are included on with four views of Notre Dame as seen from Matisses window and many other series and copies. He describes the exhibit as spacious as it is spread out through eight different galleries. In each pair or group of works, a mini seminar is created according to Smith.He goes into detail about how you could cash in ones chips your entire visit in the second and third galleries with their sailors, nudes with white scarves and contrasting psychological chords and spatial treatments of the Laurettes. He comments on the textbook simplicity of how the exhibit is round up, letting your eyes wander through the different styles, textures, colors and overall effect of Matisses works. There is no doubt that Smith has a rattling positive view of this Exhibition. He applauds the 49 exceptional works chosen, for how they skim across Matisses long and productive career.In this review, he discusses a tumescent amount of Matisses works, which sways from the point of the article, wh ich was to critique the exhibition. His support for it is blatant, but he may have gone off on too much of a tangent on his love for Matisse and his works of art. This review could be beneficial to readers, but it could also be misleading if you arent already a devotee of Matisses art. He aggrandizes the exhibit as a whole, so its not really clear if the quality is really there, or if hes retributive smitten with the artist displayed.

Growth Hormone In Tooth Development Health And Social Care Essay

Growth Hormone In Tooth Development Health And accessible C ar EssayTooth knowledge is the adjoin where dentition are formed from the ontogenesis tooth develop, growing and maturing until it erupts into the m proscribedh. This process is known as odontogenesis. There are several(prenominal) defends to odontogenesis which include the development of the tooth bud and the formation of hard tissue (Thesleff 2006). Within this paper, I will be discussing whether growth hormone has an effect on the development of the tooth bud and formation of hard tissue (in particular enamel and dentine formation).Growth hormone (GH) is produced by the pituitary secretor, which is stimulated or inhibited by growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin respectively in the hypothalamus. GH stimulates the liver, for the production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) (Laron et al citied by Laron Z. 2001) this has an effect on pearls (particularly vast bones) and muscles and other tissu e growth. Gotz el al (2006) says that IGFs are growth factors controlling pre- and post natal development and growth processes. Furthermore, IGF-1 and GH are able to induce bone morpogenic proteins (BMP) messenger RNA (mRNA), in particular BMP-2 and 4 mRNA(Li et al 1998). The study that was carried out essayed that GH and IGF-1 change magnitude the production of BMP-2 mRNA by up to 5-fold and BMP-4 mRNA by up to 4-fold.In the developing tooth bud, there are four main arcdegrees these include the bud stage, the cap stage, the bell stage and crown stage.Figure 1 A schematic drawing of the bud stage the arrow shows the formation of the tooth bud (tb) at heart the alveolar consonant lamina (dl) where dental mesenchyme (dm) has condensed around the tooth bud (Adapted from Joseph et al 1994)dldmThe bud stage is the tooth bud appearance, however, there is no arrangement of the cells figure 1 illustrates this stage showing that this stage is just a free radical of cells by the dent al lamina. Li and colleagues (1998) carried out a study which showed that BMP-4 mRNA was present in the dental epithelial tissue during this stage until the cap stage. This suggests that BMP-4 is necessary for the cells so that they are able to combine and form the dental papilla from this un reed organised arrangement. In addition to this, GH and its sense organ was reported to be involved in allow process like induction, epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, cellular proliferation (Zhang et al 1997). The study was able to show that GH was present at embryonic day 17/18 in the rat, which represents the bud stage of odontogenesis in the rat.However, a study conducted by Zhang and colleagues (1992) brought up a very important point. This being that the pituitary gland is still forming when tooth bud formation occurs. Thus, if the gland is still forming, GH would not be able to play a role during the bud stage. Therefore, it is possible that a GH-like molecule might be involved durin g the bud stage however, it has not been confirmed.The cap stage is when ectomesenchymal cells combine and become the dental papilla. Additionally, the tooth bud begins to grow around the ectomesenchymal cells, combine producing a cap appearance and becomes the dental (or enamel) organ. Eventually the dental papilla will produce dentine (and pulp) and the enamel organ will produce enamel. It is shown that during the cap stage numerous cells of the dental epithelium and mesenchyme were intensely immunoreactive for GH (Zhang et al 1997). This suggests that GH is involved in the formation of the enamel organ and dental papilla, which are needed to form enamel and dentine respectively. Furthermore, studies (Joseph et al 1994) found out that GH receptors were Figure 2 A schematic drawing of the late cap stage showing the dental follicle (df) containing the dental/enamel organ and dental papilla (dp). The dental/enamel organ is starting to differentiate into the outer dental epithelium (ode) and inner dental epithelium (ide). (Adapted from Joseph et al 1994)dpexpressed in the epithelium (where the enamel organ is located) and also in ectomesenchymal cells (where the dental papilla is located). Thus, showing that the receptors for GH are present indicating that GH is able to activate the receptors which are needed to activate the cells. This evidence some(prenominal) support the idea that GH is needed for the differentiation of ectomesenchymal cells to form the dental papilla and dental organ.Figure Figure 3 A schematic drawing of the bell stage Differentiation of the dental/enamel organ and dental papilla (dp) occurs. The enamel oragn differentiates into the outer dental epithelium (ode), inner dental epithelium (ide), symmetrical reticulum (sr) and stellate intermedium (si). The dental papilla differentiates into the outer and central mesenchymal cells of the dental/enamel organ.The bell stage (named because the dental organ is numberd as a bell) is when histo differentiation and morphodifferentiation of the dental papilla and enamel organ take place. Joseph and his colleagues (1994) showed that in the early period of the bell stage, there is growth of the dental organ, as cubical inner epithelium differentiates into columnar cells. Additionally, immunoreacitivity for GH receptor/ bind protein found that the outer and inner enamel epithelium and stratum intermedium were positive, signifying that the growth hormone receptor is involved in the differentiation of the enamel organ. This in procedure allows the inner enamel epithelium to differentiate into ameoblasts, outer enamel epithelium to provide a protective barrier during enamel production and finally, stratum intermedium is needed for enamel production to occur. However, the dental papilla and stellate reticulum were negative for immunoreactivity of GH receptor/binding protein. This suggests that dental papilla does not need GH to differentiate nor does the stellate reticulum which is needed as support for enamel production.The tables below (table 1 and 2) summarises the immunoreactivity locution of growth hormone at various stages of tooth development, including the bud and cap stage. It is clearly shown that in the stages for developing tooth germ, GH, its receptor and binding protein are expressed in various cells throughout the stages.Table Immunoreactivity expressed in the epithelium of a embryonic rat submaxilla showing the presence of GH, GH receptor and GH binding protein during embryonic day 17, 16, 20/21 and post natal day 9. The results are recorded show the fanaticism of the expression +++ STRONG, ++ MODERATE, + MILD +/- evasive (Zhang et al 1997)Table 2 Immunoreactivity expressed in the mesenchyme of a embryonic rat mandible showing the presence of GH, GH receptor and GH binding protein during embryonic day 17, 16, 20/21 and post natal day 9. The results are recorded show the intensity of the expression +++ STRONG, ++ MODERATE, + MILD +/- E QUIVOCAL (Zhang et al 1997)The finally stage of the developing tooth bud is the crown (or maturation) stage. This is when the hard tissue (enamel and dentine) start to develop. Thus, the inner enamel epithelial cells start to change shape and differentiate into ameloblasts and the dental papilla changes in both surface and shape and differentiate into odontoblasts to form dentine. This leads to the two processes commonly known as amelogenesis (formation of enamel) and dentinogenesis (formation of dentine).Symons et al (2000) showed that there immunoreactivity of the IGF-1 receptor present during the maturation of the ameloblasts. Thus, it indicates that IGF-1 (via its receptor) is involved during amelogenesis. This shows that IGF-1 is needed for the ameloblasts to remove organic material and water (Nanci et al 1987), with increased flux of calcium and phosphate ions (Borke et al 1993)Caviedes-Bucheli et al (2009) study was investigating real time PCR in mouse pulp cultures. The fou nd out that IGF-1 can enhance the mineralisation of enamel ( dentine). The way it was able to do this was by inducing expressions of specific genes (Caton et al 2005)In addition to is, Caton et al (2005) was investigating the effect that IGF-1 would have on tooth development in vitro. The results showed that the samples treated with IGF-1 had an increased enamel extracellular matrix, when compared to the control samples. This shows that there is increased enamel and dentine when IGF-1 was present, indicating that IGF-1 has a positive effect on the enamel and dentine formation.The majority of the studies show the presence of GH and its receptor within cells. Smid and colleagues (2007) carried out an experiment when mouse molar teeth had a GH deficiency. The results shows that when there is a deficiency the crown dimensions were affected as the total crown area and the mesiodistal width at the cement-enamel junction (CEJ) was significantly smaller, when compared to when GH was present . This indicates that GH is needed to ensure growth of the tooth enamel and dentine, and when there is a deficiency, it affected the size of molar teeth.Crown formation is finished when the inner enamel epithelium and outer enamel epithelium forms a double layers of HERS. This starts to proliferate apically and starts root morphogenesis. Yamashiro et al (2003) found out that BMP-2, -3, -4 and -7 were expressed during root formation and was associated with the differentiation of hard tissues. In particular, BMP-4 and -7 were expressed in ameloblasts which indicate that they are needed for formation of enamel. Furthermore, expression of BMP-4 was also noted in cementoblasts which is needed for the production of primary acellular cementum and secondary cellular cementum (where acellular cementum is found on the cervical third and middle of the roots and attaches to principle fibres in the periodontal ligament and cellular cementum is located on the apical third of the root Cho yiel ding 2000 citied in Yamashiro et al 2003). The purpose of the cementum, which is a thin layer of mineralised tissue, is to attach the periodontal ligament in the gingiva to the surface of the root (Smid et al 2004)One of the final stages of tooth development is the eruption of the tooth. Studies were carried out on rat incisor teeth which showed that when the incisor tooth erupted, IGF-1 was expressed in the odontoblasts and ameloblasts, as well as its receptor (Joseph et al 1993, 1994, 1996 citied in Fukunaga et al 2008). Thus the evidence suggests that IGF-1 is needed during the final stages of the amelogenesis and dentinogenesis.A major limitation within the researching of the papers was the fact that experiments and studies were carried out on rat teeth. Thus, there teeth are not the same to human teeth. Moreover, a small proportion of the papers were based on human teeth, were the study was carried out on teeth belonging to people with a defect (for example Fukunaga et al 2008 had their study carried out on a patient with leprechaunism). However, from researching the papers, it is evident that GH or GH-like molecules (like IGF-1 and BMP 2 and 4) are present within the different stages of odontogenesis, depicts the lack of information relating to human teeth. Evidence has shown that expression during various stages of tooth development. Furthermore, when there is a deficiency of GH, there are changes within the tooth structure when erupted. Thus, I can conclude that GH does play a role in tooth development, in particular during the tooth germ stages, amelogenesis and dentinogenesis. However, more research needs to be conducted to clearly show GH expression and its role in human teeth during its development pre and postnatal.