Rationalism vs. Irrationalism Essay

Jane Evans was spending a week at the Crown Point Ward girls camp. She and her friends were laughing and enjoying the crisp night air. They giggled and talked of crushes on boys and gossiped all night about the notorious girls at school. But the fun stopped when a rat bit one of the girls. Screaming, squirming and frightened, they worried and stayed awake for the remainder of the night. Unable to sleep, they decided to go indoors, to avoid another possiable attack. A rationalist would argue that this is a ridiculous reaction to a rat bite, however as a person with an irrational perspective, I plead the contrary and throughtout this essay, will demonstrate why. Through a rationalistic perspecive we observe the mind as active, the emotions passive, and the notion that no material thing can cause an nonmaterial idea; however from the viewpoint of irrationality I will prove that: 1) Emotion is in fact not passive and 2) Intelligence can be created materially. Before going into detail on irrationalism I wish to explore the rationalistic perspective. The rationalist tends to believe in the existence of truths that could not be discovered through the senses alone, the world cannot be ascertained simply by experiencing the content of our minds. Advocates of some varieties of rationalism argued that, starting with basic principles, like the realm of geometry, one could deductively derive the rest of all possible knowledge. (Markie 1) The philosophers who held this view most clearly were Spinoza and Leibniz, whose attempts to understand the epistemological and metaphysical problems raised by Descartes led to the development of rationalism. Both Spinoza and Leibniz asserted that, ideally, all knowledge (including scientific knowledge) could be gained through the use of reason alone, though they both observed that this was not possible in practice, except in specific areas such as mathematics. Which is perhaps why they depended on geometry and logic (a linguistic geometry) so significantly. To Brentano, a rationalist, the mind is active, not passive as the British empiricists, and French sensationalists had believed. Rationalists  alleged the mind as active and the emotions as passive. The rationalist belief in a more active mind meant that the mind acts on information from the senses and gives it meaning it would otherwise not have. (225) They argued that the mind added something to sensory data rather than just passively organizing and storing it into memory. Leibniz emphasized that nothing material (such as the activation of a sense receptor) could ever cause an idea that is nonmaterial. (169) The rationalists emphasized the importance of innate structures, principals, or concepts and stated that because nothing material could come from anything nonmaterial that certain ideas must be innate. Having introduced rationalism I find it only appropriate that irrationalism should have a breif introduction of its history. Irrationalism was a philosophical movement which started as a cultural reaction against positivism in the early 20th century. The perspective of irrationalism opposed or de-emphasized the importance of the rationality of human beings. Part of the movements involved claims that science was inferior to intuition. Rationalism, I find, is void of certain accuracy. The rationalist’s first assumption that truths can only be arrived at by such processes as logical deduction, analysis, argument, and intuition, is false. I wish to emphasize the notion that logical deduction, analysis, argument, and intuition are not to be brushed off lightly and given little importance. On the contrary they are in fact valuable, however only if they are employed with an emphasis on the irrational view of emotion. The rationalists assume that emotions are not necessary and truths can be reached by reason alone. This is false. Although the girls in the beginning of the story experienced an emotional rat fright, they were able to use their logical reasoning and their emotional drive to come to a solution. Is it not through your emotions that you are moved to action? Without emotions the rationalists would not have come up with any logical theory in the first place! They would have had no drive to come up with another theory, no passion. I cannot imagine every rationalist unenthused in his work. Through personal experience I have come to understand the importance of emotion. There have been occasions in my life that I over-rationalized. Reluctantly I’ll admit that perhaps it happens on more than just occasions, it is a constant burden to me and hinders my current and future relationships. My ex-boyfriend and I would get into an argument, as couples often do, and I would analyze the situation in my mind to attempt to come to a conclusion of how we achieved this particular position. How did I approach it; how did he? Was I overly critical and picky? Why did I respond in that way? Was it a past hurt? Could it be from my childhood when my favorite Hamster Gus-Gus died, and I felt personally hurt by God? What about him, did he have the same amount of childhood damage as me; another hamster trauma perhaps? At this point I had analyzed the situation to such an extent that I couldn’t even remember what the argument was about in the first place. It was then that I realized that I needed to become an irrational being: irrational in the worlds respect anyway. I became an emotional person and therefore respectively irrational. This is often rejected in our society; emotions are largely frowned upon. A professor once mentioned the need for me to think less and feel more, and I decided that I should do just that; feel. My second criticism of the rationalists is the notion that no material thing can cause a nonmaterial idea. Leibniz invites us to imagine a machine or human being capable of thinking (of having ideas). Then he asks us to imagine increasing the size of that machine to the point where we could enter it and look around. According to Leibniz, our exploration would yield only interacting, physical parts. Nothing we would see, whether examining the machine or a human being, could possibly explain the origin of an idea. (169) Because ideas cannot be created by anything physical like the brain; they must be innate. Through study of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a branch of computer science that deals with intelligent behavior, learning and adaptation in machines, we see that innate ideas are infact nonexistent. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, research in AI is concerned with producing machines  to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior. (Artificial Intelligence 2) Examples of such intelligent behavior include control, planning and scheduling, the ability to answer diagnostic and consumer questions, handwriting, speech, and facial recognition. The idea of producing an artificial sentient being is not new, infact it is an ancient idea and is featured in numerous myths, the Golem, the Greek promethean myth, mechanical men in Chrà ©tien de Troyes, and the creature in Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein being examples. In science fiction, artificial conscious beings often take the form of robots or artificial intelligences. Artificial consciousness is an interesting philosophical problem because, with increased understanding of genetics, neuroscience and information processing, it is possible to create a conscious entity. The myths of writers and philosophers are no longer myths. In order to avoid ambiguity and confusion I will define the term â€Å"artificial intelligence† based on the literal meanings of â€Å"artificial† and â€Å"intelligence†. According to Websters dictionary the term artificial refers to something which is not natural, often implying that it was created or manufactured by humans and intelligence is the capacitiy to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend ideas and language, and learn. (Websters 3). Throughout the past decade there has been a debate between strong AI and weak AI philosophers which tackles the question, ‘can a man-made artifact be conscious?’ This question involves philosophy of mind and the mind-body problem. In the philosophy of artificial intelligence, strong AI is the supposition that some forms of artificial intelligence can truly reason and solve problems; strong AI supposes that it is possible for machines to become sapient, or self-aware. (Markie 1) The term strong AI was originally coined by John Searle, who writes: â€Å"according to strong AI, the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather, the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind.† Artificial consciousness (AC), also known as machine consciousness (MC) or synthetic  consciousness, is a field related to artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics whose aim is to define that which would have to be synthesized were consciousness to be found in an engineered artifact. AI systems are now in routine use in economics, medicine, engineering and the military, as well as being built into many common home computer software applications, traditional strategy games like computer chess and other video games. Through the rationalistic perspecive we observed the mind as active, the emotions passive, and the notion that no material thing can cause an nonmaterial idea; however from the viewpoint of irrationality I proved that: 1) Emotion is in fact not passive and 2) Intelligence indeed can be created materially through Artificial Intelligence. Works Cited 1) Markie, Peter. Rationalism vs. Empiricism. 13 Aug. 2004. 12 Aug. 2006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism 2) â€Å"Artificial intelligence.† Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopedia Britannica Premium Service. 12 Aug. 2006 . 3) â€Å"Artificial.† Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2006. 12 Aug. 2006. http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/artificial 4) Hergenhahn, B. R. An Introduction to the History to Psychology Belmont, CA: Transcendental Printing, 2005.

If We Go Through The Poem We Will Get The Glimpse

Animism was the first Indian poet to catch and voice these trends in his poetry. As a modern poet in India, he started to voice his own thoughts and opinions, his own experiences, which were the experiences of the every man.. In all his creative works he was very keen to select Indian situations and present them with a purely Indian attitude. He was not for idealism and romanticism, the soft and beautiful aspects of life. He highlighted the reality of Indian life with its bitterness ,hypocrisy and bits of sweetness through the lives of common people.The characters of is poems are from different walks of life but without a bit of exaggeration. We feel and experience the Indians and Indian culture, Indian temperament through each and every character and situation in the poems. If we go through the poems we will get the glimpse about south Asian society and their cultures and politics. Animism Ezekiel creates an authentic flavor of India by his use of Indian English. The Indian flavor h as created by stressing various mistakes which Indians commit in their use of English. Animism Ezekiel is entirely Indian not only in sensibility but also in proper use of Indian attitudes.In the â€Å"Very Indian Poem In Indian English† the common mistakes committed by Indians in using English and other Indians are freely employed to create the typical flavor with an artistic purpose In a realistic way. This has started giving with a ironic title. In this poem, very sit few lines indicate that there is going on political unrest or chaotic moment in society. â€Å"l am standing for peace and non violence. Why world is fighting fighting' After uttering these line he tells that why we are not following Mahatma Gandhi.He has taken the great Indian character in his poem who stood for peace. He also tells us that we are totally away from our ancient culture. He also used 200%, 100% and very colonial words to satire and to indicate that modern generation are so far away from our a ncient culture. Modern generation are cherishing foreign cultures, fashion and neglecting their own culture. So he uses these Irony towards modern generation. † But modern generation is neglecting – Too much going for fashion and foreign thing' He also satire the political leaders ,because their allured speech much than their works.Perhaps he has wanted to say that whatever they tell, they doesn't turn it into org. He also stairs their way of behaving and he is also taken glimpse of their speech that â€Å"Friends, Romans, countrymen, am saying Lend me the ears. The regrettable thing in the modern world is the act of violence and anti – social tendencies proving to be a menace. Still the positive aspects like regeneration, remuneration and contraception could be thought of as a way out of the present muddle. One can certainly hope for the better and propagate the best that is thought as unique.He has also very aptly shown us the Indian picture-Lassie can be take n as equivalent to he western wine if only a little salt is added to make it a lovely drink. The poet confesses that he is the total abstainer from drinks while it is taken by addicts to gun themselves, he for his part would turn to simple drinks like lassie. Thus, the poet tries to receive the old Gandhi days. We can assume by this poem that there are clash between county to county, and country to country to rule over one another. It has become a trend of every country.So to come out from this poet is urging that if only one consider the other as the brother then the trend could be changed.. He gives the hand of friendliness to the visitor and expects him to come again. The poet is optimistic when he says that he enjoys every moment of good company. So, he ends the poem by saying that he does not feel the necessity of celebrating ceremonies. Animism Ezekiel has picked up the typical picture of Indian subcontinent very dexterously through the poem ‘Conga'. By depicting conga h e has shown us how wealthy class people fell pride on lower class people treating them very badly as their goods.Animism Ezekiel has depicted very common and true future Of society in very much interesting and funny way that how wealthy people neglecting harassing, torturing on their servant. The poem â€Å"Conga† has started that we pride for our generosity to servant and their generosity is that they give a chance to a prostitute woman to work at their houses. Miss Ezekiel ironically has given a pathetic description of servant how they are treating in the society. But even in our society servant are the victim of sexual harassment. So there is a question arise that is it pride that a prostitute works at wealthy men houses.It is a poke to upper class people. They give them a cup of tea which they eve preserved from previous evening. They give tem stale ‘chapatti' and give old clothes by which they could exchange a cup,etc. They give one coins and take it return. So it has been a trend of upper class that they feel comfort, enjoy by dominating them like that way. But these men never learn because of their poverty. Perhaps poet wants to tell though we are seeming greater man by possessing these things but we are in darkness. Because we are wanting to be civilize reaming them unlearned and uncivilized So it is a slap to moral civilization.The poem ‘Guru' portraits the modern picture of the Gurus who are more terrestrials than ever and above ordinary men – â€Å"the lesser considered as holy men while they totally lack all the virtues of saints. They make a sharp discrimination between the rich and the poor, men and women, countrymen and foreigners. The following lines show characteristically Indian touch which becomes an irony on our part: The saint, we are told, Once lived a life of sin nothing spectacular, of course, Just the usual things. We smile, we are not surprised. Unlikely though it seem, we too one day May grow up like him, d ropping our follies like old clothes or creeds.

Pollution affects the health of all living thing. Essay

Many peoples, animals and plants depend on water for survival of life but because of water pollution all living things must suffer or die from the effects caused by water pollution. Man is busy inventing new things every day and the consequences of these inventions affect the land, air and stream and causes water pollution. Some of the causes of water pollution are industries trying to fulfill the need of consumers by inventing new products and creating jobs for people. Another cause of water pollution is the chemicals that people use on their lawns and gardens. Water pollution can also be caused by land movement, avalanche and erosion from the weather. Animal also causes water pollution but they are unaware that they are actually causing pollution to the stream, rivers and lakes. The effects of water pollution in our stream, lakes and ocean have a huge impact on the living creatures that uses the water for their habitat. When the beaches and lake are polluted, tourists do not spend time to visit there, animals also die from consuming garbage. Another effect of water pollution is the cause of an oil spill in the ocean which has a huge impact on the living creatures and wild life that uses the polluted water. It is important for individual living in this planet to prevent water pollution. The planet is very precious for all it living thing. People have to use the planet resources carefully, and prevent water pollution to it streams, lakes and rivers. We all share this plant it earth, air, land and water. When one of these characters of the planet is affected it also affects another. One can use water People can purchase items that they need and not want. They can reuse and recycle items that are useable. One can use organic material in their gardens and lawns. Farmers can reduce the use of chemical in their crops. One can walk, bike or use transit to get around. Individual should not put sediments, nutrients, toxic chemicals, pathogens in water. These are some of the thing people can do to prevent water pollution.

Origin of the Ancient Egyptians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Origin of the Ancient Egyptians - Essay Example They were rich in stone, wood, minerals, sand, and many kinds of vegetation 2. Predynastic technological developments can be divided into several distinct areas, each with its own specialized tools and techniques, but sometimes sharing other tools, methods and materials. In particular, the establishment of the tools and procedures for the large-scale manufacture of stone vessels during the Nagada II 3and the Nagada III/Dynasty 4 periods crucially contributed to the growth of other technologies in these periods, and in the Dynastic era. For example, the carving of the ceremonial schist palette of King Narmer, and Dynastic hard stone statuary, benefited from the skills and tools established for shaping earlier Predynastic hard stone vessels, stone hand-axes and mace heads. Also, it is possible that the Late Predynastic expansion in faience manufacture can be attributed to an increased availability of copper-contaminated quartz powders 5. Among the great sayings from the origin of ancient Egypt, a common anecdote resides that when the world's first historian, Herodotus visited Egypt in the fifth century B.C., he asked its priests the key to Egypt's greatness and he was replied by the answer that Egypt is the gift of the Nile. Egyptian civilization would never have accomplished its wonders had it not been for this gift of nature, so crucial to its people and so mysterious that they considered it divine. This is what Egypt has always been famous for. Egyptian Origin in Historical Context of Architecture Although pyramids and temples from ancient Egypt still impress us thousands of years after they were built, all that remains of the homes where people were born, grew to adulthood and died are occasional low mounds of mud outlines. Temples and tombs endure because Egyptians made a sharp distinction between their religious architecture, constructed of permanent stone for eternity, and all other buildings, even palaces and fortresses, which were built of less durable adobe 6. Many ancient cultures held similar beliefs about their ruler's divine afterlife and expended great energy creating special burials for their kings. Egypt's special contribution was a new tomb design first devised in about 2700 B.C. Architects for the pharaoh Zoser stacked six decreasingly smaller stone brick rectangles on top of each other to form a towering, 200-foot-high 'Step Pyramid'. This first large building ever raised in stone by humankind initiated a series of pyramids, structural feats that became the symbol of Egypt. "Three distinctive architectural elements were developed in ancient Egypt - the pyramid, the propylaeum or pylon, and the obelisk" 7. Ancient Egyptians had to contend with enormous temperature swings. At noon on a summer day, in this country surrounded by desert, the temperature could reach 120F; nevertheless, because the

Organisational Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organisational Communication - Essay Example Butler, because of his experience and thirst for improvements in business, used cognitive and rational appeals to employees that were much more driven by emotion at the organisational culture level. Emotional appeals tactics â€Å"must involve emotional elements because emotional elements are essential to persuading others and to overcoming resistance to change plans† (Fox and Amichai-Hamburger, 2001, p.85). Butler did not maintain an emotional connection to the pre-existing culture at the organisation and therefore did not include anything but rationalisation in his proposals which caused considerable resistance at multiple business levels. Butler’s first email regarding being a thorn in their side was the first example of noise that was likely considered both arrogance and lack of respect. In the decoding process, Campbell was also perceiving noise in the inter-office communications that were occurring between Butler about the incorporation of the Interpush software package. Campbell was the senior vice president at the company and likely found Butler’s lack of emotional appeals in his memorandums to be insubordinate and against organisational cultural elements. While Butler was attempting to use rational style, Campbell found this to be a threat to the organisational norm and did not appreciate what Campbell felt to be challenges to his authority and the status quo. Butler’s email pointing out the lack of viability regarding Interpush showed a lack of regard for that authority by essentially shooting down Campbell’s decision-making. â€Å"The trick for turnaround leaders is to show employees precisely how their plans differ from their predecessors† (Garvin and Roberto, 2005, p.106). Butler did not seem to have a solid plan of action, just very straight-forward and rather blunt rational communication style, creating barriers to accepting

Hospitality Management internship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hospitality Management internship - Essay Example The following paragraphs state the pros and cons of the democratic management skill to this particular organization. This type of management skill will in one way or another lift the employee’s morale because they feel important and treasured in the development of the particular organization. The uplift of an employee’s morale3 will hence increase the output of the employee towards the increase of the particular organizations .on the other hand the consultation of the employees before making of any decisions will lead to the employer identifying miss ups in the organization. This will then lead the organization growing at very fast rate with minimal mistakes to bring down the organization. In other cases, this type if management may lead to the employees losing their trust on the management and decision making skills of the particular management. Sometimes the employees may want the management to make decisions for them. Through the democratic form in the organization, the culture of the organization is kept alive hence making the team building of the organization much easier. Due to the ongoing culture of the organization, the management is able to help the employees of the organization grow in skill in the particular posts posted in. Through the method the employees consult each other and correct their weaknesses together hence making the organization much stronger as a team. This will then make the cohesiveness of the employees much stronger hence facilitating the management and the running of the organization. Each employee is unique and has his or her own strength and weaknesses hence the employer is able to pick out the specific employees with the same strengths in the organization and put them together. This will be able to make the organization strong in every aspect because many of its members are4 working on the same part of the organization hence making of mistakes is pretty hard for the members working as one

Compare and contrast the approaches that are available for analysing Essay

Compare and contrast the approaches that are available for analysing the project environment. How would a project manager use the outputs of this analysis - Essay Example Identify actors or factors that need special attention Develop strategies for increasing control or influence including formal and informal linkages Develop a plan to cope with potential problems caused by actors and factors Priority must be given to those especially characterized by medium or high dependency, medium or high risk, and medium or low control. The project environment may be defined as "the whole set of institutions, people and natural systems which surround the project and interact with it". The purpose of any analysis of the project environment is primarily to identify a list of factors that may have an impact on the successful conclusion of a project. They be classified contrastingly as follows (Bryant and White, 1982) - Stable/turbulent - Uniform/diverse - Clustered/random - Resource-munificent/resource-scarce Approaches to analyzing the Project Environment Descriptive Model Use of the Descriptive Model is helpful for the Manager who wishes to categorise the range of dimensions within the project environment. An appropriate set of dimensions comprises: - The natural environment - The built environment - The financial environment - The social environment - The political environment It may be seen that these link to the capitals of the sustainable livelihoods framework, though there are also important differences. Hierarchical Model If the analysis has involved making judgments not just about what is important in the project environment but also at what level then the Hierarchical Model is appropriate. This divides the project environment into local, regional and national (or international) factors, each of which may need different responses. Hierarchical models provide a way of examining...It will also help to formulate strategies and to decide whether the strategies devised to control risk are cost-effective. A top priority for any Project Manager will be to make a complete list of the variables that can affect project performance. S/he must then try to anticipate which (if any) may lead to project failure. It is important to understand that these factors may not be clear and/or obvious; careful analysis of the full context within which the project is being undertaken (its "environment") is required. The project environment may be defined as "the whole set of institutions, people and natural systems which surround the project and interact with it". The purpose of any analysis of the project environment is primarily to identify a list of factors that may have an impact on the successful conclusion of a project. If the analysis has involved making judgments not just about what is important in the project environment but also at what level then the Hierarchical Model is appropriate. This divides the project environment into local, regional and national (or international) factors, each of which may need different responses. Hierarchical models provide a way of examining differences across different parameters.

Logitech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Logitech - Essay Example The company's retail sales and marketing activities are classified into three geographical divisions namely Americas (including North and South America), Europe-Middle East-Africa, and Asia Pacific. In order to minimize production costs and take advantage of the other benefits of business process outsourcing, it has set up its manufacturing plant in Suzhou, China in 1994. Other productions are outsourced from different countries in Asia. During the fiscal year 2007, it reports revenue of $2.06 million and net income of $.229 million (Logitech Annual Report 2007). The mission statement of Logitech is communicated as follows: "Logitech brings to market tools that enrich the interface between people and information" (Logitech Company Profile 2008) This emphasizes the business organization's commitment in focusing on computer peripherals. However, it should be noted that it did not limit itself to its current lines indicating its openness to changes and willingness to respond to emerging consumer needs. The company' strategic intent can be seen through its growth outlook presented in its 2007 Annual Report. Logitech communicates its major strategy of innovation in order to sustain steady growth and development. The company's goal is to further develop new products and improve existing ones in order to maximize consumers' comfort. Also, the business organization is keen on focusing into growth markets in order to drive revenue. c. Problem Identification The United States is one of the major markets of Logitech. Even though it cannot be possibly identified how much share this market has in the company's revenue, it should be noted that the forecasted economic recession in US will adversely reflect in the company's operation. Logitech thus, needs to take this into in order for it to continue its highly profitable operation. II. Environmental Analysis a. External Environmental Analysis In general, the operation of Logitech is dependent in its ability to introduce innovative products in the market noting that the information technology market is subject to fast product obsolescence. Since the company has global coverage, it is also exposed to the fluctuations in the exchange rates. The weakening of the dollar due to the economic recession makes its income in the United States lower when expressed in Swiss franc. The industry environment of Logitech can be assessed through the use Porter's Five Forces model. Buyers. The evolution of a hypercompetitive business environment heightens the bargaining power of consumers. It should be noted that sales are directly affected by consumer demand. Thus, consumer needs should properly be identified and products should be created to best respond to these needs. Suppliers. Supplier power is also high in the market where Logitech

Fundamental Rights of EU Law Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 16500 words

Fundamental Rights of EU Law - Dissertation Example 3Introduction Fundamental rights are defined as the elemental human rights and freedoms of all human beings. All humans are entitled to these by virtue of their dignity as human beings and they apply irrespective of race, creed, religion, gender or place of birth and are enforceable by the 1courts, subject to specific restrictions Some of these fundamental rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law, and the right to food, the right to have an education, the right to work and to participate in one's culture. History of Fundamental Rights Fundamental rights had been traced to several ancient documents which dates signify that even in those ancient eras fundamental rights had already been practiced and recognised and that the concept was alive and respect for such rights existed thousands of years ago. The Cyrus Cylinder which can be found in the British Museum in London shows that during 539 BC, Cyrus the Great of Persia believed in the fundamental human rights of his own citizens as well as captive citizens of Babylonia which he... As the report discusses fundamental rights then emerged from the Roman concept of libertas which established civil law with liberties and gave it political status. During the 14th century emerged the concept of central sovereign courts of justice where Roman sovereign courts guarantee civil law. Lessius then came up with the theory that God invested men with civil rights at birth. According to the paper findings in England, fundamental rights were recognised in the English Magna Carta of 1215 during the reign of King John of England. The Magna Carta enforced certain rights such as the rule of law, the right of prisons to appeal and to be heard and the writ of habeas corpus. This was soon revised in 1297 and remains enforced up to the present in England and Wales. Its provisions included the right to due process, the right to religion, the right to life and liberty, the right to a fair trial by a court of justice. More legal rights were then recognised in both USA and France with the US Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. But many human rights activists claim that human rights of individuals were given impetus during the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason during the 18th century. Philosophers sprouted during this era, espousing freedom of thought and expression and encouraging people that they h ave God-given rights that they ought to defend.

Measuring Artificial Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Measuring Artificial Intelligence - Essay Example Devising an Intelligence Quotient IQ – for machines or any intelligent system would be, perhaps, advancement but unfortunately, the history of the development of techniques to measure human IQ, the first source checked to find applications to AI, points to a very fuzzy zone. Admitting that possibility, we present some hypothesis. For example, introducing some metric to evaluate the redundancy of the rules of an intelligent System, or the efficiency of a given topology in an artificial Neural Network could bring new insights on ranking AI paradigms and indicate which the most promising ones are. On one hand, if we look back a bit more seriously on the development issues of Science and Technology in this age, the twenty first century, it appears to be full of promises as well as perils. The previous century experienced fantastic advances in Science and spectacular technological achievements and ground breaking discoveries in medicine and health care. The current century is on the verge of even greater and more prolific things to come in terms of artificial intelligence and related disciplines. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology are some of the related disciplines in artificial intelligence. Robotics and Artificial Intelligence are closely related to duplicating complex animal and further claiming of making systems and machines that not only think, but possess feelings and emotions as well. On the other hand, we very well know the results of Science and technological Advancement have been a blessing but also have come with some blemish. The fast and continuous development in this discourse of Science and Technology has filled us with promises and perils; challenges as well as opportunities. Lately, Artificial Intelligence and other disciplines – like Nanotechnology, Neurophysiology, Mathematics,

Ethical Observations Essay Example for Free

Ethical Observations Essay Unethical accounting behavior and the resulting practices of it within businesses today is a very hot topic since the Enron accounting scandal of 2001. One might ask how does a scandal of this proportion come to be and can it happen again? What situations could lead to unethical behaviors and practices in accounting today that might cause history to repeat itself? The author intends to answer these questions and shed light on some insight of accounting ethics today. By the end of 2001 investors and the public needed something to restore confidence in the way businesses handled accounting and reporting practices. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed into law in July 2002 with the intent of protecting investors by improving financial reporting accuracy and reliability as a result. Ideally, fraud will be prevented through SOX by increased internal controls and greater transparency in accounting practices. The theory is based on the logic that managers who engage in fraudulent activity will be discovered and punished by fines or imprisonment. This theory has mixed reviews as of today. Some argue that SOX does not do enough to prevent managers from manipulating earnings or hiding assets. Others maintain that SOX has improved the level of ethics awareness and concern from what it was in 2001. Most will agree, however, that the law is a step in the right direction and that ethics is a major concern and becoming a more discussed topic of top management in larger corporations today. One might consider why more firms do not have ethics codes or policies in place to prevent the conduct described when in fact Enron did have an ethics code supposedly based on respect, integrity, and communication. One of the problems was that of leadership failure and The point is that an ethical culture must be maintained within an organization at the corporate level and fostered with each new employee from the top down. Although a situation such as Enron’s is not as likely to happen the same way again, when management places extreme emphasis on earnings and promotes activities that might cause earnings to appear inflated, possibilities exist for an unethical situation to occur. (Conroy Emerson, 2006) When a corporation’s culture supports risk taking without regard for consequences, and it uses employee performance appraisals to undermine their position, there is the likelihood that unethical accounting practices will be needed to cover up such activity. Additionally, as with Enron’s case, internal controls were weak or simply not present at all to maintain good accounting as with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) while divisional business units were kept in the dark from noticing what was going on in the overall sense of the scheme. When looking at how important it is to identify unethical behavior in accounting, consider the recent U.S. Housing Market collapse of 2008. Simple mistakes in identifying financial fraud caused some mortgage companies to be over-valued in return allowing investors to lose billions. (BBC News Business, 2011) Unfortunately, in some cases, employees that bring unethical behavior to managements’ attention, risk criticism or worse job loss if deemed a whistle blower. Past cases have indicated that there may be no incentive from management to bring attention to questionable accounting practices in this way. Without managements support and leadership to instill good ethical culture within the workplace, it will be difficult to see positive changes in the future. In conclusion, a greater emphasis on accounting ethics is being seen since the days of the Enron scandal. Ethics is being taught at schools and universities with goals in mind to recognize when situations occur that may be questionable. Ways of dealing with accounting uncertainties and ethical dilemmas are being taught with a sense of moral obligation instilled. New accounting students are developing the abilities to deal with moral issues that relate to accounting and auditing practices. Most business leaders will agree that the improved regulations provided by SOX have made an impact and caused firms throughout the U.S. to review their own accounting practices and at least attempt to comply. References Bannon, S., Ford, K., Meltzer, L. (2010). How to instill a strong ethical culture. The CPA Journal, 80(7), 56-58. http://search.proquest.com/docview/637267174?accountid=35812 BBC News Business. (September 26, 2011). Deloitte Touche sued for $7.6bn in mortgage fraud case. Retrieved from http://bbc.co.uk/news/business-15069976 BBC. (May 17, 2003). The Enron Affair. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/business/2002/enron/default.stm Conroy, S. J., Emerson, T. N. (2006). Changing Ethical Attitudes: The Case of the Enron and ImClone Scandals. Social Science Quarterly, 87(2), 395-410. Liu, C., David, Y. (2011). An Analysis of the Impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act on Earnings Management. Advances In Management, 4(6), 25-31.

Explore the significance of the past in the play Long Days Journey Into Night by Eugene ONeill Essay Example for Free

Explore the significance of the past in the play Long Days Journey Into Night by Eugene ONeill Essay At the very start of Long Days Journey Into Night, ONeill sets the scene for the theme of the past being integral to the play directly with the dedication to the love and tenderness of his wife which gave me the faith in love that enabled me to face my dead at last and write this play write it with deep pity and understanding and forgiveness for all of the four haunted Tyrones. This admittance that the play was written as a sort of autobiography, a partial re- telling of ONeills personal history, means that it seems almost intrinsically connected to the past right from the beginning, the intimation from the author being that he wrote it as a form of catharsis in order to deal with the real events from his own life. Consequently the theme of the past is introduced before even the first Act has begun. The idea that he is facing his dead is a particularly apt one as at the time of writing the play, the people upon whom its characters are based ONeills family had all passed away some years before. His father, mother and elder brother Jamie are all portrayed in the same roles in the play as they had in real life, and with similar histories. The only alteration is that instead of the middle son being named Edmund, ONeill changes the babys name to his own, and calls it Eugene, having the fictional Edmund take the place of himself within the family. The main way in which the characters seem constantly to trap themselves in the past is through their constant blaming of the present upon past events. There is nothing in the present to which they do not attribute any blame, and none of them in any way seem to blame themselves for what has happened to them, preferring instead to blame each other. Consequently none of their conversations can be held without somehow referring to the past, as it is the past upon which they have built their relationships with each other. The relationship between Tyrone and Jamie for example is one in which Jamie blames Tyrone for his miserliness with his money, which he believes is what led to his mothers addiction to morphine, and her recent unhappiness which caused her to return to the drug. Tyrone blames his son for being an evil-minded loafer, and says thatsnotes he is responsible both for making nothing of his own life, and also for leading Edmund astray. In fact, the blame for these character defects does not lie within Tyrone or Jamie as personalities, but rather with the circumstances which caused these traits. For Jamie, his alcoholism and cynicism are largely to do with his discovery of his mothers drug addiction when he was younger it is made clear that prior to this discovery, Jamie was talented and enthusiastic, excelling at school and clearly liked by many people. He himself admits that the event had a large bearing on his life in just the same way that he has resorted to alcohol in order to purge himself of the same sort of knowledge about Edmund Christ, Id never dreamed before that any women but whores took dope! And then this stuff of you getting consumption. Its got me licked. Jamies cynicism clearly did not exist before he discovered that his mother used morphine, or at least not to the same degree, the fact that hed never dreamed of the idea effective in suggesting how completely distant it was from his mind and therefore how different his mind must have been from its present state of suspicion. The circumstance precipitating Tyrones miserliness were similarly ones which he himself did not contrive when he was only ten years old, his father abandoned the family and Tyrone was forced to go and find work, living a large part of his life in poverty. It is this which has made him so conservative with his money, and reluctant to expend more than is absolutely necessary, preferring to invest it in property, which he believes is the best way to keep it safe. The power of money over him is made particularly clear when the audience are told that, despite his obvious love of acting, he chose financial success over furthering his career, thereby ruining his chances of achieving his ultimate goals. This culture of blame without moving on from it, or attempting to understand the source of it is one of the key factors in preventing the family from escaping from their past rather every event in the present is related back to some previous action or accusation, without any hope of ever resolving it. This is encapsulated in Marys comment Its wrong to blame your brother. He cant help being what the past has made him. Any more than your father can. Or you. Or I. the idea that the whole family has been moulded by past events and cannotsnotes move on from them permeates every conversation, as they each hold the other somehow responsible for what has occurred and because they believe that they themselves should not be blamed for what they did, none of them will accept their portion of the responsibility, nor learn from what has happened. Throughout the play we see the same basic errors happening time and time again the nature of the tendency of each character to continually place blame for the present on something which another did in the past means that the occurrences of the past are constantly being bought forward into the present, and because no character will accept their blame, there seems to be no way to move forward into a future which is not largely concerned with what has happened before. What this ultimately leads to is a past which is largely cyclical. As no character will relinquish their grip on the past and what has happened before, by accepting blame from it, or learning from it, the same problems and occurrences repeat themselves. For example, Mary resumes taking her morphine, just as she had done before, and despite seeing the same signs leading up to it as before, the family, with the exception of Jamie, remain blind to it for some time. Tyrone is continually cheated out of money by McGuire, whose questionable skills as a property realtor hardly ever yield any profit to Tyrone himself and yet he does not learn from his past either, and continues to do the same thing at no gain to himself. Their sheer inability to take anything from the past, or to leave it alone, means that nothing in the play is occurring for the first time in a way, everything about the present in which the Tyrones are living is also the past. A quote from Mary The past is the present, isnt it? Its the future, too is particularly fitting to explain the way in which they are living. The structure of the novel echoes this confusion of times the play occurs all in the space of one day, and yet it deals with the problems both of the future and of the forty or so years previous. This idea that everything is simply a recurrence of something which has happened before -and what will continue to happen for the rest of time- is analogous to the title, in that everything could simply have happened in one Long Day, with the past, present and future simply merging into one twenty-four hour time periodsnotes Living ones life trapped in a repeating cycle of the past is not particularly conducive to being happy, as there is no real hope to look forward to when you are simply repeating the same things over and over again- as Jamie says, weary roads is right. Get you nowhere fast. Thats where Ive got-nowhere. Where everyone lands in the end, even if most of the suckers wont admit it, and so all of the characters have devised their own way of escaping, which controls the way in which they act throughout the play. For Jamie, the feeling that he hasnt actually achieved anything because he has never been able to move on is something that he only finally admits to when drunk, but which reveals the sense of hopelessness he feels from being stuck in a loop. Slightly later in the play he confides to Edmund Id begun to hope, if shed beaten the game, I could, too his hope that his mother had shrugged off her addiction, and that the future would no longer be a repetition of the past had been very important to him, as it offered a way out. However, that hope disappeared, and he resorted back to his usual escape of drinking alcohol, which is what he does for most of the duration of the play. Tyrone also drinks in order to escape the past, although unlike Jamie he also attempts to escape the repetition of the past by denying the fact that it is being repeated he refuses to recognise Marys symptoms until they are undeniably obvious, preferring to believe her lies rather than admit to what is going on. In that respect, he is unlike Jamie, whose cynicism prevents him from being able to overlook things as he chooses. Mary, however, does not attempt to escape the past in the same way that Jamie and Tyrone do, but prefers, though the use of morphine, to escape the present and return to the happiest phase of her life, during the early years of her marriage to Tyrone and her time at the convent, playing the piano. Reminders of the present, such as her hands, which have become unsightly due to rheumatoid arthritis, appal her, and as the play progresses and the morphine takes her over more and more, she regresses further and further back into the past. Her reaction to this re-living of the past is to attempt to return to her favoured part of it. Edmunds attempt to escape the past is most notable in that at one point, he actually did succeed during his time sailing, he says that he became drunk withsnotes the beauty and the singing rhythm of it, and for a moment I lost myself actually lost my life. I was set free!. The idea that he became drunk with it alludes to Tyrone and Jamies drunken attempts to escape the past, although where they used alcohol, it seems that he used nature he continues to refer to other occasions when he has felt free in a similar way, and all of them took place in a natural setting. For an audience, this liberation and sense of the natural world starkly contrasts with the three rooms and claustrophobic conversation in which the play is set, and so it is an excellent way to illustrate the total freedom which Edmund has attained. Edmund attempts to recreate this sensation by trying to express it through the use of poetry however, he says that he will never truly be able to express it how he would like to, saying that even what he just said was just stammering. Stammering is the native eloquence of us fog people, is the way in which Edmund describes his inability to describe the feeling this reference to fog people is particularly interesting as throughout the play, the fog is almost a symbol of the past. As the day wears on, the fog returns to cloud over the landscape around them, and so Marys illness returns to cloud over the present and send her further back into the past. This pathetic fallacy of the weather responding to Marys haziness in her own mind is also effective in creating the sense of claustrophobia which comes from being trapped in the same circumstances over and over again just as the fog can be very claustrophobic and hide everything else from view, so the past traps the family in and prevents them from seeing the present clearly. Edmund also suggests in that quote that the whole family are native fog people almost that there is something about the way in which they live which they cannot help, but which they are genetically programmed to do. This is curious because it is perhaps the most impartial opinion expressed by one of the characters, and entirely without blame on any one of them. This perceptiveness of Edmund and the ability to reflect from a distance on what is going on is perhaps due to the fact that he is acting as the authors representation of himself. Another role of the past in the play is that it motivates the creation of an atmosphere of censorship and non-admittance. The audience is slow to find out snotes about the exact nature of Marys illness, for example, because the characters do not want to talk about the worse aspects of what happened before, and so as a topic of conversation it is forbidden by unvoiced consent until eventually Jamie faces up to the fact that she seems to be returning to her old condition. This state of affairs seems to have come about as a form of resistance as if by not speaking about something, they will somehow avoid it happening again and be able to continue as normal. Similarly Mary and Edmund attempt to pretend, to varying degrees, that his illness is other than it is Mary by calling it a cold and dismissing it, and Edmund to a lesser extent by calling it Malaria, which is more easily cursed, and continuing to drink as if he were not at risk of damaging his health. It is clear that the family refuse to talk about quite a number of incidents and feelings things which only really come out when they are under the effect of either alcohol or morphine such as the death of Eugene and Marys incident on the dock in her nightgown, because such events unlock emotions and feelings which they have hidden in order to protect each other. Mary doesnt talk about how she blames Jamie for giving Eugene the measles, or how she blames Edmund for her drug addiction when she is in her right state of mind, because she realises that those aspects of the past are too hurtful. Tyrone attempts to prevent her from continuing to speak of them when she does begin, in case one of the boys should hear. Although the past is virtually all that is discussed, there are certain sections of it which the family attempt to bury behind them. The main occurrence of the play is the return of Marys illness her return to taking morphine, and other than this very little else actually physically happens to any of the characters during the play. That her illness is actually characterised by a return to the past is particularly important as regards the past as a theme behind the play. It is quite clear to the audience that what Mary is experiencing this return to her past is an actual physical illness, and that something is definitely wrong with her mind. This leads to the consideration that the whole familys return to the past could also be deemed an illness, and without the presence of Marys actual illness it would not be as easy to see that the frame of mind in which the Tyrones live is somehow unhealthy. Marys snotes regression into her past also serves to reveal a great deal of truths about the other characters in the play and what had happened to them before, as well as a number of the deeper-held secrets which the family usually did not discuss, such as Eugenes death and where the blame for it lies. That the rest of the family seem ashamed that Mary would make such an accusation and blame it on her mental instability, when they are perfectly happy to blame and accuse each other all the time is rather ironic, and so Marys illness serves to highlight the problems with the rest of the family and the way in which they function. In terms of the message of the play, and what the audience take away with them, it seems that the past is also of significance, in that the play is something of a warning as to what the consequences might be if people never moved on. Of course, it is therefore quite appropriate that ONeill wrote it as a part of his own moving on, and his own way of putting the past behind him. The ending of the play is almost anticlimactic in that it just finishes, with no conclusion or rounding-off of the story simply that the end of the day has been reached, and this too mirrors the idea that there is no end and therefore no past when the past is relived as if it is the present and the future, too. Of all the themes in the play, the past is by far the most significant of them all, not least because the author wrote it as a semi-autobiographical work. It is the driving force behind the way the characters act, the way they interact and the way in which the atmosphere deteriorates from a rather hopeful one at the beginning of the play into one rather devoid of hope at the end, as the Long Days Journey Into Night is completed, with Mary fully under the influence of the morphine and the other characters having apparently given up on her salvation and also their own conversation. The feeling of being trapped in the past what ONeill was attempting to get rid of by facing his dead and writing it all down as a work of fiction dominates the atmosphere of the play, without which the power of the piece would be lost.

Impacts Of African Slave Trade On Europe

Impacts Of African Slave Trade On Europe Slavery was carried out in various parts of the world and mainly in some parts of Africa, Asia, Europe and America. Slave trade was at the highest during the period at which Americans were under the colonial powers of the European states. Europeans carried out their slave trade extensively in African nations. It is said that low economic level in African nations made it easy for Europeans to take control over Africans. The major slave trade regime against Africans by Europeans was known as Atlantic slave trade. It was not the only trade though it is believed to have been the most extensive both in volume and intensity wise. The Africans who were victims of slave trade to the Europeans are said to have been hostages of endemic warfare that was between different states of Africa. Their traders gained weapons and other basic necessities from Europeans in return. Contrary, Africans carried out the trade against themselves. There existed many divisions between African regions. Some of the divisions were ethnic, driven by culture and beliefs, religion, political, economic level, and boundary conflicts. Those divisions brought about conflicts and wars. Those who went into war captured their enemies who were source of wealth to them on trading with Europeans. The trade was barter trade whereby Europeans went off with slaves in exchange of goods such as manufactured cloth, alcohol, weapons among others. Interestingly, the slave trade had become the major international trade to Africans. The trade had grown extensively into communities and family levels. Kingdom rulers of the community did not discourage the trade and they encouraged by selling out those who were their enemies or the most hardworking personas of the kingdom. At the family level, family members would sell out their counterparts mostly when there were family disputes among different families or family members. All these made it easier for the Europeans to acquire slaves from traders who were willing to sell out themselves (Williams 1994,p.12). The main reason was the shortage of labor in the continent whereby demand for laborers had exceeded the capability of the population supply. Slaves who landed into Europe at early period of slavery were the Aboriginal peoples. At first they were a few but they suffered from diseases and cruelty from racist Europeans. Immense numbers of them were hired for mining, and in the plantations which were labor-intensive in growing, harvesting and processing of products such as sugar, cotton and other low-prized tropical crops. Affordability of low cost of labor helped in the economic growth of European states at the period. The first European state to carry out slave trade was Portugal. Portuguese were in dire need of laborers for mining and sugar plantation activities in Brazil which was their colony at the period. Later European states completion towards the slavery began when Brazil was seized by Dutch which eventually became to be the leading slave trading power in seventeenth century. They sold slaves to their colonies, to British and also to the Spanish. In late 17th century, Britain rose to be the leading trading power after gaining the control over the Americans. The other reason was large size of the market for European products. The triangular Atlantic slave trade is believed to have been the most convenient and profitable trade route. This is because Ships leaving Europe were only required to carry trade goods on their way to Africa. On arrival to Africa exchange of the goods for slaves took place. To Europeans the trade was always to their favor since cheap goods were of more value to poor African states who complied effectively in the trade. However, Europeans got to a point of carrying out supplying role of slaves to the world. Some of slaves acquired from Africa were transported to the American states for trade. In America, they traded slaves for the agricultural products, which were in many cases produced through slave labor. Due to low cost of labor, agricultural products were acquired at a low prize. To the Europeans trade route was an important business since it required that a ship make a leg of the voyage for a substantial profit waiting at the destination. This enhanced the international relationships between European nations and their trade counterparts. In addition, ships used less energy on their ways since trade routes were designed in a specific manner. This is because trades men followed the routes which they would take full advantage of the widespread winds and currents which propelled their ships. For instance, the journey from a place like West Indies or any other place in the southern United States to any other place in Europe would be propelled by the waves of Gulf Stream. This made it cheaper for Europeans to acquire slaves from other nations (Klein 1999,p.23). However, in industries, which were most profitable, slavery was the main source of labor of the time. Majority of the slaves were hired in the sugar production sector. Sugar plantations were the most labor intensive activity in the time. In additionally, the other slaves were hired in other labor intensive activities such as in coffee, cotton, and tobacco harvesting, and also in the mining. Slaves were basic possessions to European states and they always protected them so as to retain them in their land. For instance, in 1763, France had agreed to give out vast colony of New France in exchange for permit to keeping Antillian island of Guadeloupe. As the time went by, opposition against slave trade developed in Europe. The move was fore headed by religious movements such as Religious Society of Friends and also established clergies of the Evangelical ministries such as the William Wilberforce. Later individuals joined the movements and from which they protested against the slave trade to their state powers. However, owners of colonial holdings opposed the move (Rodney 1981,p.14). Success of the moves was marked by abolition of slave trade in Denmark through the legislation in 1792 and took its effect later in 1803. Britain followed the compliance by imposing ban to the trade in early 1807. Britain kingdom had to impose rigid fines for anyone who allowed slaves to aboard a Britain destined ship. Additionally, the British Royal Navy, which in control of all worldsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ sea, stopped other nations from participating in the slave trade through the declaration that equalized slaving to the piracy and culprits were to be punished by death penalty. To the Europeans, end of the slave trade, had insignificant obstacles which it is a must that they had to be overcome. Slave trade was an important part to the economy of the regional states. In 18th century, slaves were the main supply of labor that was required in the production activities of the agricultural products. However, end of slavery resulted into high cost of production and eventually the rise of prices of the same products in the market (Anstey 1975,p.34). However, some scholars studied the slavery ban movement slightly before the Second World War and concluded that it was in most probably recorded among the three or four important historical pages in the history of the European nations. This is mainly because slavery had an important impact to the growth of the economy and thus it was difficult for European nations to do away with it. Contrary, in his studies, Eric Williams, a West Indian historian, argued that it was as a consequence of the economic transitions, of European nations, which was unrelated to any morality factor. However, he based his squabble upon the idea that the colonies of West Indian were declining in the early 19th century. This is because they had lost political and economic importance to Europeans. Consequently, this decline made slavery to be an economic weigh down that made the British to have a will of doing away with it (Williams 1994,p.34). However, Williamà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s study is questioned. This is because decline in West Indian colonies manifested after 1807 when slave trade was banned. Moreover, slavery was economically flourishing at a fast pace before the ban. However, most likely the decline may have resulted from the effects of suppression which colonies felt from slave trade. In addition, the lowering of prices for the products which were produced through slave labor could be taken as evidence which exhibits that lowering in the price of a product leads to increase in the demand and eventually increasing the total profits. In addition, it is said that profits which were earned as a result of the slave trade lasted at low levels. Results say it was always about ten percent of the total investment and indicated no verification of the decline. More importantly, the prices of lands in West Indies, as an essential tool in analyzing economic growth of the region also did not decline until after discontinuation of the slave trade. Also, the economies of colonies which heavily relied on agricultural products did not decline. In fact are said to have been at the peak in 1807. However, there was a reason for Williams to be biased. This is because he was actively drawn into the movements which advocated for the independence of the colonies of Caribbean. With that notion he had a drive to try to snuff out any idea of such an unsparing action by colonialists to their colonies. However, some scholars have acknowledged Williams arguments in their works though they agree to the fact that the issue of morality was combined together with politics and economic forces so as to end slavery in Europe. However, religion is believed to have had the strongest movement that campaigned against slavery and actually into convincing Westminster into outlawing the trade. More also, Evangelical protestants together with Quakers formed a group which viewed slavery as an act of inhumane. These individuals formed the minority persons in the population, but more interestingly they were passionate and the group had many members who were enthusiastic individuals (Emmer 2000,p.45). In the parliament, large number of members presented these groups. Their parliament presence is said to have been so strong in that at their height they had control of about thirty five to forty seats. Normally precarious government positions acted as to magnify their numbers and also their service to the citizens. The members of the group were known as saints and William Wilberforce was their leader. Most importantly they were campaigners of the anti-slave in the European nations. Parliamentarians who belonged to the group were tremendously enthusiastic and frequently saw their delicate battle in opposition to slavery as a delightfully predestined crusade. However, after the ending of slavery in Britain, British felt obliged by economic pressure to force down other European nations into inserting themselves into a common economic straitjacket, or else the colonies of Britain would have became uncompetitive with those who were belonged to other nations. Ironically, British effort to campaign against slavery was an unparalleled foreign policy effort to combine economic powers (Drescher 1999,p.98). However, the Britainà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s campaign did not full succeed. This is because some European nations strongly objected the move into surrendering rights to the trade. These nations included Spain, and France. However, Britain did not back down but instead used every tool to trying to persuade these nations so that they may follow its lead. Interestingly, Spain agreed but through a payment of a ransom. Spain received over one million pounds in order for it to end the slave trade. For the France, it was difficult at outset. At first, Britain tried to inflict its idea of solution during the negotiation meeting at the near end of Napoleonic Wars. More devastating to the British is the reluctant of Russia and Austria who vowed not to end the trade. The people and government of France had profound uncertainties about compromising to the demands of Britain. This is because they did not only that other nations end the trade, but also their right to keep watch over the ban. However, Royal Navy was permitted to carry out searches in any apprehensive ships in the waters and confiscate any carrying slaves, or in operation to doing so. It is these stiff demands that kept France into the trade for a long time. More surprisingly, in 1815, France gave in to the ban but they never allowed Britain to police to interfere with their activities neither did they watch over themselves. That made it easier for the illegal trade to continue for a long time. French citizens had initially been indifferent to the trade. With that fact, their national pride could not allow Britain to dictate over their policies. Contrary, conservative backlash vied that reformist movement as tainted by the after the revolution. However, in France, a complete halt of slave trade was realized in 1848 (Drescher 1999,p.78). In conclusion, slave trade was of more benefits to the European nations. Europeans low population at the period called for more man power in the activities which were meant to be drivers of the economic growth. Thus, Africa became their target as a source of man power. However, there came a period when European nations came to Africa for slaves and in turn selling them out to other nations in the world thus strengthening interrelationships between different nations. The ending of slavery did not ogre well to the economic growth since affected nations suffered an economic down turn.

Suicide :: essays research papers

In the sixth century before the Christian era, religion was forgotten in India. The lofty teachings of the Vedas were thrown into the background. There was much priest craft everywhere. The insincere priests traded on religion. They duped the people in a variety of ways and amassed wealth for themselves. They were irreligious to say the least. In the name of religion, people followed in the footsteps of these cruel priests and performed meaningless rituals. They killed animals and performed various sacrifices. The country was in great need of a reformer. At such a critical period, when there were cruelty, degeneration, and unrighteousness everywhere, a reformer was to be born to save the people, and disseminate the message of equality, unity and cosmic love everywhere. Buddha was born in 560 B.C. and died at the age of eighty in 480 B.C. . Buddha's father was Suddhodana, king of the Sakhyas. Buddha's mother was named Maya. The place of his birth was a grove known as Lumbini, near the city of Kapilavastu, at the foot of Mount Palpa in the Himalayan ranges within Nepal. This small city Kapilavastu, stood on the bank of the little river Rohini, about a hundred miles north-east of the city of Varnasi. As the time grew near for Buddha to enter the world, the gods themselves prepared the way before him with celestial portents and signs. Flowers bloomed and gentle rains fell although out of season. Heavenly music was heard, and delicious scents filled the air. On the body of the child bore at birth, were thirty-two auspicious marks (Mahavyanjana) which indicated his future greatness, besides secondary marks (Anuvyanjana) in large numbers. Guatama’s mother Maya died seven days after her son's birth. He was brought up by his aunt Mahaprajapati, who b ecame his foster- mother. On the birth of the child Siddhartha, astrologers made predictions to his father Suddhodana. "The child, on attaining manhood, would become either a universal monarch (Chakravarti), or abandoning house and home, would assume the robe of a monk and become a Buddha, a perfectly enlightened soul, for the salvation of mankind". Then the king said: "What shall my son see to make him retire from the world?" The astrologer replied: "Four signs". "What four?" asked the king. "A decrepit old man, a diseased man, a dead man and a monk - these four will make the prince retire from the world" replied the astrologers.

College Stress Essay -- University Student Issues Essays Papers

College Stress Jack’s heart pounds as he casts panicked looks around the classroom. He doesn’t recognize the professor, he doesn’t know any of the students, and he can’t even figure out what the subject is. In front of him is a test. At the very last minute his roommate awakens him. It’s only another anxiety dream. The very fact that dreams like Jack’s are common suggests that college is a stressful situation for young people. The cause of this stress can be academic, financial, and personal. Academic stress is common for college students. For many students, going to college is more than just attending classes and taking notes. They usually have a hard time understanding school guidelines and deciding what major they want to study. It is very stressful to read and understand all the school policies, especially the transfer instructions. It is even harder for student to make up their mind what major they should concentrate on. Choosing the right courses and making a schedule is another headache job that students have to go through. Students often find it very tough to decide what are the right classes to take that related to their major. It is also stressful to wake up in the morning and be one time for classes. Finally, preparing and taking mid-term and final exams are the most stressful time that student encounter for the entire semester. In a similar case to Jack, my friend, Som, who is a good student at City College, always gets nervous and stays up all night...

Horror and fear at the emergence of the monster in Chapter 5 of Franken

Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is a work of Gothic horror - a branch of romantic fiction characterized by its focus on sublime emotions. The genre is often inspired by nightmares with the intent to inspire horror and emotion in the reader. The era in which the novel was written, around the time of 1816, followed a period of great scientific advancement. Shelley's style is heavily influenced by the romantic poets with whom she spent time and her plot was influenced almost undoubtedly by the scientists of her time, who after its recent discovery had a great fascination with electricity and its effects on the human body. Public displays of experiments were common, something Shelley would have been aware of. The famous French philosopher Rousseau and its setting in the Romantic Era seem also to have influenced the themes in the book with its focus on the necessity of emotion and the importance of protecting nature, something which could actually be seen as the main ?message? of the book. Her book is a warning against the ?over-reaching? of man and she uses the Gothic style to shock 19th Century readers. But what of the modern relevance of Frankenstein? Although the specific techniques used we now know thanks to modern science to be impossible, Frankenstein still has power to inspire fear in the modern reader, perhaps because, with the advancement of Science and the huge opportunities to ?play God? now open to man, Shelly's ideas are just as applicable today. Though told through the triple narration of Frankenstein, the monster and Robert Walton, the bulk of the novel is told from Frankenstein's point of view as he relates his life story to Walton, so that he can learn from Frankenstein's mistakes. His narrative reveals to the re... ...ce breeching comfortable or natural boundaries is something which still causes instinctive unease in the majority of people. That human instinct is exactly what Shelley demonstrated Frankenstein was lacking. It was his abscission from every natural feeling, the understanding of human emotion on more than just a rational level that allowed Frankenstein to create the monster. This parallel between 19th and 20th Century response gives equal if not greater relevance to the novel's themes to modern day. The arsenal of knowledge now available to mankind to commit moral atrocities is even more extensive than in the era which provoked Mary Shelley's cautioning book. Frankenstein has removed the element of glory from succeeding in pushing the boundaries of science, instilling in the reader a greater respect for the true power of nature and for man?s inability to control it.

SHC

They need to investigating current regulations and laws to do with setting and running a business. In the setting the practitioners need to take all the necessary steps to ensure they are keeping the children well and safe. The early years providers need to safe guard the children, ensure the suitability of adults who have contact with the children, promote good health, manage behavior and maintain records and policies and procedures. The practitioners need to be continually progress through the career and are on the track they want to be and have the confidence to do this within their place of work.The children's development needs to be continued through out there journey with the setting. This will be done by focused observations, scrappy observations, picture, art work and tracking the children using the E. Y. F. S. There are many potential barriers to professional development that can stop the setting or the individual practitioner to do these: Time- the practitioners may find th at finding time to get away to do things can be tricky. This may then put the practitioner behind in their work which will then pile up and they are falling behind within the work place.Time is a crucial factor in personal growth and development, and many individuals lack enough of it. Between ark responsibilities, childcare issues and just trying to survive on a day-to- day basis, you may find yourself lacking the hours necessary to devote to your own goals. Commitments- all the practitioners have other commitment other than work and this could mean that unless the work is done within work time they won't do it as they won't be taking it home to do. Attitude -A negative attitude is a major factor in this area.If you start out with the belief that positive development is unlikely to occur, then no matter how hard you work on it, your belief will sabotage any efforts you may make. Peers- Peers also can complicate our efforts to improve ourselves. Peers often try to sabotage our goals , either consciously or unconsciously. They degrade our efforts toward growth because those efforts remind them of the growth they could be pursuing but have chosen to forgo. Failure to Plan- Lack of proper planning and preparation can lead to haphazard attempts to fulfill goals -? a recipe for wasted energy and efforts.If you are trying to break a habit, start a new career or glean insights into your thought processes, be sure to have at least a rudimentary plan to reach these goals. Http://www. Owe. Com/I development. HTML 05. 04. 2014 There are many different sources and systems of support for professional development within the work place. They are Inductions, appraisals and development plans, in-house training colleges and training organizations Inductions- on an induction this is to get to know everything you may need to know about the setting. This will be the opportunity to find out who works within the setting.On the induction you will be given all the policies and procedur es and will be given a tour of the setting you will sign various forms ND given various information. Inductions are very informative and give the practitioners positive information and make them feel welcome within the setting. Appraisals- The main purpose of appraisal is to give the appraise the opportunity to reflect on their work and learning needs in order to improve their performance. This can be achieved through discussing their development and feedback on their job performance in a way that is constructive and motivational.It should result in an effective personal development plan. So lesson one is not to spend 95% of the time available rely reviewing past performance and lesson two is to involve the appraise fully in the discussion so that they can get the maximum benefit from it. The staff member should also be aware that they can raise any issues that they may have throughout all the year. Appraisals are very good as they give the practitioner time to raise their voice to any issues they may have. They could also make the practitioners feel it's all one side and there manager is making it feel like that.Personal development plans- In the process, staff members also set personal placement goals that will increase their ability to contribute to the success Of your organization. The accomplishment of these goals also provides a foundation for their career success whether in your organization or elsewhere, so they ought to be motivated and excited about achieving this goal. Your system of Performance Management, with the PDP process for goal setting and communication, will ensure that you are developing a superior workforce.PDP meetings are held, at least, quarterly to review the staff person's progress on the overall goals and objectives. Your staff person's progress on the action plans that result from the PDP goals is reviewed at your weekly one-on-one meeting. This weekly meeting allows you to offer assistance and to identify any help or tools the st aff person needs to succeed. This can be good for the practitioner as it can set them target to set them across they year they. Will be set either at the appraisals or the practitioner will do them on their own. The setting will then provide as much support to the individual to achieve their goals. Http://humorousness. About. Com/CSS/ prearrangement/a/PDP. Tm 05. 4. 2014 In-house training colleges and training organizations- This gives practitioners the opportunity to do any training courses within their setting and gives them the help and support within their training opportunities. This can be good for the individual as they are achieving and moving further on with their career while still working and enjoying their job. There are lots of factors to consider when selecting opportunities and activities for keeping knowledge and practice up to date.They can be the individual strengths and weakness if there interested, financial factors, raining. The individual can discuss this withi n their supervision/ appraisals and they can look at what training they want to do. They can also look at their goals they have set and see if there manageable and achievable within their setting. They need to consider their strengths and weakness and if they are up to do their goals they have set. Financial factors- The setting needs to be able to work out cost for all the training opportunities so that it is split fairly and all staff within the setting get to achieve their goals.They also need to aka sure what they are paying for they are getting so it has to be Cost effective. Look at the individual – do they need the training, how best to give the training , Is the training the individual wants to do is it accredited does it apply to the job is it appropriate. Reflective practice is a way of studying your own experiences to improve the way you work. The act of reflection is a great way to increase confidence and become a more proactive and qualified professional. Engagin g in reflective practice should help to improve the quality of care you give and close the gap twine theory and practice.

Finding Neverland Essay

The movie Finding Neverland is about the writer J. M. Barrie and his journey of writing plays about imagination and happiness. Barrie has a close relationship with Sylvia Llewelyn Davies, and her sons, who give Barrie the idea of the well-known play Peter Pan. J. M. Barrie attends the reception of his latest play, ‘Little Mary’ and from this reception he meets Sylvia, who is a widow now. Barrie enjoys spending time with Sylvia and her four sons, and through this proves to be a great playmate and father-figure for the boys. Sylvia’s mother, Emma du Maurier does not like the amount of time Barrie spends with her family. Emma wants to take control of her daughter and grandsons, since Sylvia is becoming very weak from an unidentified illness. As Sylvia becomes more and more ill, she is unable to attend Barrie’s new play production. However, Barrie arranges a mini-version of his new play to be presented at her home. Finding Neverland can be interpreted using the archetypal literary criticism, as it does centre on the idea of the unconscious mind and its ability to hold and create universal symbols and patterns to which all humans can relate to. The archetypal hero character of this movie is playwright J. M. Barrie. Barrie, in the beginning of the movie, does not have any ideas of creating a new play. However, when he meets Sylvia’s four sons; George, Michael, Jack, and Peter, through their imagination, Barrie gets ideas. The imagination starts, when Barrie meets the Llewelyn family at London’s Kensington Gardens, while walking his St. Bernard dog. Ever since that day, Barrie has been spending a lot of time with Sylvia and her sons, creating imaginary worlds of pirates, castles and cowboys. For Barrie to create these imaginary worlds for the children, they cheer up and enjoy the time, since they do not have a father anymore. Apart from all this fun and enjoyment, there is a femme fatale character who is Emma du Maurier, the mother of Sylvia. Emma does not want Sylvia and her sons to be spending so much time with Barrie, because she thinks that he is corrupting their minds. By this, Emma tries to manipulate Sylvia into stopping the amount of time she and her sons spend with Barrie, and more time with the family. However, through all this manipulation and control from the mother, Sylvia and Barrie can be seen as two star-crossed lover, since they both love and care for each other in a close relationship. In Finding Neverland, the archetypal situation is for Barrie to create a new play. Barrie has a quest to complete, which is to get ideas about the next play he should write. For Barrie to meet Sylvia’s four sons, he got his whole idea of writing his next play, from these four boys imagination. Barrie’s has now reached his task, and that is to create a play using the imagination of kids and put it on stage to show to the public. Along with the quest Barrie has to undertake, there is an archetypal symbol of light and dark. The symbol of light in this movie, are the four boys and Sylvia. Without them, Barrie would be in a loss of ideas, since he gets the idea for his new play from his experience with the Llewelyn family. The symbol of darkness in this movie is the mother of Sylvia, Emma du Maurier. Emma, talks behind Barrie’s back and tries to tell Sylvia things about Barrie that are not true. Besides all the back talk, Barrie still is persistent in completing his task and showing the public his new play. Through further analysis of the movie Finding Neverland, Northrop Frye’s Four Story Model can be used to analyze this movie. The movie Finding Neverland can be analyzed as a romance story, since there is a world of innocence. In this world of innocence, the four boys are the ones who joyfully imagine with Barrie all the wonderful stories of pirates and kings and fulfill the desire for order and meaning. The hero, Barrie has an adversary who is Emma, the mother of Sylvia. She tries and stops Sylvia and her sons from playing with Barrie. The theme of this movie, makes use of visions and revelations, by the fact that Barrie gets the visions of his new play from all the imagination that the four kids show. Through these imaginations, Barrie shows a progress toward fulfillment in creating his new play. The basic plot, is Barrie goes on a perilous journey, a struggle follows in which he proves himself in the doing the task. When Barrie completes the quest of creating the new play, which is known as Peter Pan, there is triumph and exaltation of the hero Barrie. The basic imagery seen in this film, are trees and animals that come to life and assist Barrie in completing his quest, from all the imagination and creativity the four kids show to Barrie. To conclude, Barrie has accomplished his main goal, through all the creativity and imagination that was offered with the help of Sylvia’s four sons. Finding Neverland is a story that really emphasizes the importance of imagination and how it can really help someone in times of tragedy and loss. Humans need that creativity to imagine things in another world and use it for the benefit for oneself and other, just as Barrie did for Sylvia and her family.

Ethics Assignment

Table of Contents 1. 0 Aims1 2. 0 Objectives3 3. 0 Introduction5 4. 0 Questions (a) and (b)13 5. 0 Conclusion14 6. 0 References15 1. 0 Aims To understand students understand the importance of work ethics in the work place. 2. 0 Objectives 1. Instill strong organizational values. 2. Build an integrity-based organization. 3. Develop ethical behavioral influences. 4. Implement plans and strategies to achieve ethical excellence. 3. 0 Introduction According to Chester Barnard, an organization is a system of consciously coordinated activities or efforts of two or more persons.His meaning of organization implies formal planning, division, of labor and leadership. On the other hand, Bedeian and Zamnuto see organizations as social entities that are goal directed, deliberately structured activity systems with a permeable boundary. Their meaning of â€Å"deliberately structured activity systems† basically means that organizations are structured in a proper way jobs are divided among peop le to achieve a common goal. According to www. dictionary. com, an organization a social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals.Every organization has a management structure which will divide and break down the roles and tasks of different members. Organizations are also regarded as open systems which affects and also are affected by environment. (dictionary. com, n. d. ) In any organization, reputation is very important and ethics plays a vital role in the success of an organization. In short, ethics is the choices which individuals make both in their personal and professional lives which deal with morality such as right versus wrong. Charles D. Little, 2000) Business ethics also refers to ways in an organization carry out its business according to the accepted moral standards. It is actually a set of moral principles and code of conducts applicable to all businesses which not only relates to the customer itself but to the society as well. It also implies the ways of conducting business in a way which not only benefit oneself but to benefit everyone as a whole. According to Charles D.Little, organizational business ethics is the application of these morality related choices as influenced and guided by values, standards, rules, principles, and strategies which is related to an organization’s activities and business situations. Laura Nash with a Ph. D. from Harvard University further asserts that business ethics deals with choices about what laws should be and whether to follow them, about economics and social issues outside the law, and about the priority of self-interests over the company’s interests. (Laura Nash, 2000) . 0 Questions a) How can employers develop a better work ethics in the workstation? i) Employers should lead by example and practice what they preach. Employers should always lead by example by first doing what they want their employees to do. This is because if the manager itse lf practices what he preach, it shows how serious he is in leading by example. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) ii) Reward and praise those who deserve. Simple things like a thank you note or a note of praise will go a long way in showing you appreciation towards the employee.It will show how the employers appreciate its employees and also that the employers are not those who will take all the credit by themselves. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) iii) Reprimand those who go against work ethics. If there is anyone in the organization who breaks the rules of a company, action should be taken towards that employee to show how serious the organization is in dealing with ethical issues. It will also serve as a reminder to others to not go against any ethical code of conducts set by a company. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) iv) Legal and regulatory compliance.One way to develop better work ethics in the workstation is through legal and regulatory compliance. Employers should conduct their businesses according to the law in order to hold fast to the values of integrity which will help contribute to a company’s good reputation. (John J. Kane, n. d. ) v) Be accountable. Employers should also be accountable to whatever they do. The Code of Ethics by the Society of Professional Journalists states that admitting their own mistakes will make employees know that one should owe up to their own mistakes instead of running away from them.By doing this, employees will know that they would have to owe up to whatever they do and it is not right for them to push the blame to someone else for their own deeds as it is unethical. This practice will greatly help avoid unethical practices in the workstation. (spj, n. d. ) vi) Maintain true and accurate records and also proper disposal of records. Employers should always maintain true and accurate records and also the proper disposal of records. Information should not be alter or falsify to mislead the public.When appropriate, business information shoul d also be destroyed according to the legal requirements in a proper way to protect the privacy of stakeholders such as customers and employees of the company. (John J. Kane, n. d. ) vii) Should not practice favoritism. Employers should not practice favoritism in the workplace. They should always treat all employees equally. This to prevent any jealousy by any parties which could cause unethical work practices. A work environment where everyone is treated fair and just will reduce the chances of unethical behavior because employees will not feel less important or unappreciated. Code of Conduct, n. d. ) viii) Do not practice bribes and kickbacks. Bribes and kickbacks should not be practice in the company and should be strictly prohibited. Managers should never accept any bribes or favors from any parties for their own interest. Business arrangements with any outside parties should also be written out in a proper document and be approved by the legal counsel or authority in charged to avoid unhealthy practices in an organization. (John J. Kane, n. d. ) ix) Penalties The company should also enforce penalties to those who engage in unethical practices.Those who engaged in unethical practices should be demoted, laid off or be made responsible for their acts such as paying a fine. This would help prevent others in the organization from engaging in unethical behavior. (John J. Kane, n. d. ) x) Establish whistleblower provisions. Employers should also establish whistleblower provisions to protect employees who in good faith report misconducts by any party. This is to avoid retaliation, threats, harassment and discrimination by other employees.The establishment of this kind of act will encourage more people to speak up and unethical practices in a company can be eliminated. (John J. Kayne, n. d. ) xi) Tighten electronic and security requirements. Companies should tighten electronic and security requirements. This is to commit to protecting all aspects of information sys tems and at the same time make sure that all the organization abides by the policies established. This will help protect private information from being leaked out or stealing of information from other parties.This could help reduce the number of hackers whose aim is to steal private information. A system to monitor electronic data used in the company should also be implemented so that employees and employers alike could not simply disclosed or misuse information for activities that are unlawful and inappropriate. (John J. Kane, n. d. ) b) How do we (employers and employees) ensure that positive shared values are practiced and promoted to create an ethics-driven culture in the organization? i) Respect and avoid criticizing your employer.Employees should communicate effectively with the boss and respect them as their superiors. As times have change and more employers are more open to suggestions and feedback from employees but it does not mean that the employee could lash out anything at the employer. The employee should always know where to draw the line and never go overboard to criticize them or talk behind their backs. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) ii) Do not befriend your colleagues for the wrong reasons. Times have change and people nowadays are getting more busybody.There is always the office gossip where people want to know what is going on in other people’s lives. However, the best way is to always be honest in all your friendships and do not befriend others just to benefit from them. This is because people will always appreciate genuine friendship and befriending someone just to get something from him or her will not leave a good impression about you to others. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) iii) Avoid comparison. Everyone is unique in their own way, have their own set of talents and skills which is why people are assigned to different roles and tasks.One should not compare one’s work to other people or complain whenever another gets promoted. This is because promotion will come when you deserved it. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) iv) Do not interfere in other people’s affairs. Each and everyone in an organization should respect other’s privacy and should never try to interfere in people’s private affairs. Do not insist on knowing something if that colleague is reluctant to tell you and do not be too enthusiastic in giving your opinions.If someone confides in you about his or her problem, one should only listen and give them support which they need instead of tons and tons of advice. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) v) Do not be a busy-body. One good attitude to be practiced in the workplace is to not stick into other people’s affairs. One should instead use the energy to do better in their own work instead of poking into other people’s business. By doing this it will create a pleasant environment to work into and people will feel comfortable working with you. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) vi) Dress professionally.B oth employers and employees should always dress up professionally as the attire will speaks for itself and it will reflect well about the company towards an external organization. Therefore, people should always the dress code set by a company. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) vii) Leave personal matters at home. People should not bring their family to work as it may make other employees’ uncomfortable. Second, they should also not talk about family matters in the office as not everyone will be interested in their family matters. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) viii) Respect the contribution by others.When a colleague is praise or rewarded for his or her good performance, one should not get jealous because it will help to improve the organization and you yourself will stand to benefit from his or her performance. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) ix) Take credit only if it is yours and do not brag about it. If you had contributed to the success of something, then you should acknowledge it and should ce lebrate your achievements. However, if it is other’s work, then by all means direct credit to them. Besides, one should also not keep bragging their achievements in the workplace. Prema Jayabalan, 2013) x) Be informed. One should always themselves about everything which is happening around in an organization. It is not good to not know anything about your company as it will reflect how people look at you as a person. Besides, being updated in an organization will help generate a good impression about you to the employer as it shows that you are competent and relevant to the workplace. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) xi) Should not share or access any confidential information. Both employers and employees should not access or share any confidential information with anyone.It is very vital for both employers and employees to protect any information within their records so that each and every person’s privacy is respected. Private information should also never be sent over the In ternet except through the use of secure methods to prevent the leakage of private information. This practice will ensure that every person’s private and personal space is respected. (John J. Kane, n. d. ) xii) Never let conflict of interest intersect with work problems. Employers and employees should never let conflict of interest intersect with work problems. They should always put the organization’s interest before their own interest.To prevent conflict of interest from affecting professional judgement, employees are also not encouraged to deal with customers or others who are their close friends or relatives. (John J. Kane, n. d. ) xiii) Maintain a professional work environment. Both employers and employees should always maintain a professional work environment. Everyone should be treated fairly with respect, courtesy and consideration and they should not be any biasness in the workplace. This is to maintain a workplace free of any harassment or discrimination to en sure that both employers and employees could work in a positive environment with an ethics-driven cukture. John J. Kane, n. d. ) xiv) Stay free of substances such as drugs and alcohol. Both employers and employees should stay free of substances such as drugs and alcohol. Everyone should report to work free from any abuse of substances to prevent the influence of any drugs or alcohol while working and also to prevent any discomfort to other colleagues. This is also because working under the influence of alcohol and drugs could cause one to not be able to think properly and may cause tantrums which may disturb the peacefulness in the workplace. xv) Give everyone equal treatment.Employers and employees alike should be given equal treatment meaning that everyone is given equal opportunity. The setting at the workplace should be such that cultural differences are celebrated and does not discriminate by gender, sex, race, colour, or creed. Employment should be based on a merit system rela ted to competence and qualifications of the worker rather than based on a person’s gender, race, colour, or creed. (John J. Kane, n. d. ) xvi) Be honest and truthful. Employers and employees alike should always be honest and truthful in all their actions.When everyone in an organization is honest and truthful to each other, they will be a high level of trust among each other and this will lead to higher productivity as it is always easier to work with a trusted person. (Code of Conduct, n. d. ) xvii) Practice integrity. Employers and employees should practice integrity at all times. They should be fair and honest in all business dealings and also all other aspects of business so that outsiders such as suppliers, customers and the public will have faith in the organization.Thus, the reputation of the organization will be uplifted and everyone in the organization will be more motivated to practice ethical behaviour in the company. (Code of Conduct, n. d. ) xviii) Be responsible . Employers and employees should also be responsible at work. They should be committed to their work and develop a high sense of accountability as these would make working in an organization more pleasant. (Code of Conduct, n. d. ) xix) Practice high citizenship behaviour. Employers and employees should practice high citizenship behaviour meaning that they are patriotic, loyal and highly committed towards their company.They should always participate in all the matters relating to the progression of the company as this action will benefit and further motivate everyone in the company. (Code of Conduct, n. d. ) xx) Care for each other. Employers and employees should be caring towards each other. They should always show compassion and kindness to their colleagues and this must come from the heart. It will make people touch and people will be ready to open up to each other. This practice of openness will help discourage unethical behaviour and it will further stimulate a highly ethical w ork environment. Code of Conduct, n. d. ) 5. 0 Conclusion Ethics is a very important aspect which must be practice by all companies to ensure their survival and also its reputation. Lack of ethics in a company could easily cause a company’s downfall as it loses trust from other parties. Ethics is also important to ensure employees’ commitment as an employee will definitely not leave if he or she is treated appropriately. Long serving employees will also contribute to increase investor and customer loyalty and confidence as it is an undeniable fact that everyone loves and honest company who looks after its people well.Workplace ethics is very important because it enhances teamwork. With teamwork, it will enable employees to work together without any conflicts or prejudice. They will also be better to understand their employer’s expectations and could motivate and push each other to excel in a given task. This will also make working easier as they is a high level of trust, sincerity and partnership in the organization. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) It is also important as every employee will want to feel secure in a job. This will make employees more motivated to go to work as they know that they will not lose their job if they were not given valid reasons.Thus, employee productivity will be higher as they will feel appreciated and will not be harassed by other workers. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) Workplace ethics are also important as it helps protect the company’s privacy as well as property. Organizations where all employees strictly adhere to the code of ethics need not fear any leaking out of company’s information, truancy, taking false sick leave and other disciplinary and ethical issues. From then employer’s viewpoint, they should always treat their workers with respect and reward those who deserve. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) Ethics is also very important in aintaining a company’s reputation because the society at large will always admire and look up to a company which is ethical. This is because it shows that the organization is sincere and genuine in conducting their business and this will help attract more people towards the organization. (Prema Jayabalan, 2013) 6. 0 References Prema Jayabalan (2013), Workplace ethics: Ensuring harmony in the office [online] Available from : http://mystarjob. com/articles/story. aspx? file=%2F2013%2F2%2F2%2Fmystarjob_careerguide%2F12606844&sec=mystarjob_careerguide (Accessed on 27th February 2013) John J.Kane (2013), Code of Conducts and Ethics [online] Available from : http://codeofconduct. pdf (Accessed on 25th February 2013) Businessdictionary. com (n. d. ), What is an Organization? [online] Available from : http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/organization. html#ixzz2LVVEI0Il (Accessed on 27th February 2013) Managementstudyguide. com (2008), Business Ethics – A Successful way of conducting business [online] Available from : http://www. mana gementstudyguide. com/business-ethics. htm (Accessed on 27th February 2013) Spj. org (2012), Society of Professional Journalists: SPJ Code of Ethics [online] Available from : http://www. pj. org/ethicscode. asp (Accessed on 27th February 2013) Don Knauss (n. d. ), The Role Of Business Ethics In Relationships With Customers [online] Available from : http://www. forbes. com/2010/01/19/knauss-clorox-ethics-leadership-citizenship-ethics. html (Accessed on 28th February 2013) Sumitama Mukherjee (n. d. ), What is an Organization? [online] Available from : http://whatisanorganization. pdf (Accessed on 28th February 2013) Charles D. Little (n. d. ), Organizational/Business Ethics [online] Available from : http://wweb. uta. edu/management/Dr. Little/†¦ /Organizational%20Ethics. ppt (Accessed on 28th February 2013)