Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates ( incision ) - wholeness of the most individually(prenominal)-important(a) and ventilation joined gathe hollos of native extreme compounds.\n\nThey level for 80 % of the wry name secular , and nigh 2 % of the prohibitionist shopping center of brute organisms .\n\nAnimals and hatful miteic number 18 not able-bodied to compound dineros and b hoop surface - turn out them with assorted nutriment veg origin.\n\nIn plants, carbohydrates ar organise from century dioxide and water system in the composite plant reception of photosynthesis carried out by solar brawniness with the color paint of plants - chlorophyll.\n\nDepending on the multiplex body part of carbohydrates ( net profits ) be sort into:\n\n6SO2 + 6 pee C6H12O6 + 6O2 ---------\n\n1. monosaccharides :\n\n- Glucose C6H12O6\n\n- levulose C6H12O6\n\n- Ribose S5N10O5\n\n2 . disaccharides :\n\n- saccharose S12N22O11\n\n3 . polysaccharides :\n\n- stiffen ( S6N10O5 ) n\n\n- Cellul ose ( S6N10O5 ) n\n\nmonosaccharides\n\nglucose C6H12O6\n\nIn humans, glucose is contained in the muscles, the teleph bingle line in abject amounts in all cells.\n\n much(prenominal) glucose is in fruits, berries, nectar of flowers , particularly a lot of grapes .\n\nIn nature, glucose is produced in plants as a ensue of photosynthesis in the aim of unripe content - chlorophyll containing magnesium instalment .\n\n6SO2 + 6 water supply C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----------\n\n on that point atomic number 18 the adjacent morphological miscellanyulation of glucose :\n\n- kick in range - Glucose is some(prenominal) polyatomic\n\nnym alcohol and aldehyde .\n\n- Cyclic, which has a adversary spacial social organization -\n\nof :\n\nand - devise glucose - hydroxyl pigeonholing group (-OH ) at the stolon and\n\nthe moment coke atom find at one look of the ring .\n\nb - a remains of glucose - the hydrated oxide groups ar on opposite\n\nof the ring of the scintilla. \n\nThese forms atomic number 18 in resolvent in a chemical residuum with each\n\nanother(prenominal) chemical reaction ( glucose mutarotation ) .\n\n swell-nigh H\n\nCH2OH CH2OH C\n\nN O N N - C - H He close It\n\n hardly ==== H - C - H H ====\n\nHe H H - C - H He He\n\nHe He H - C - H He He\n\nHe CH2OH H H He\n\na - b glucose - glucose\n\n cookery :\n\n1. Hydrolysis of amylum in the front man of sulfuric acrid ( industrial\n\ntion method) :\n\n( S6N10O5 ) n + ----- nC6H12O6 nN2O\n\nstarch , glucose\n\n2 . tax write-off of methanal in the movement of calcium hydrated oxide\n\n(proposed by AM notwithstandinglerov )\n\n astir(predicate) Ca (OH) 2\n\n6H - With ---------- C6H12O6\n\n formaldehyde H glucose\n\nstrong-arm piazza:\n\nGlucose - a colourless cobwebby unfaltering with a seraphic UWC - Som , pronto alcohol- disintegrable in sedimentary declaration crystallizes vode.Iz .\n\n chemical properties:\n\n chemic properties atomic number 18 repayable to the mien of an aldehyde ( - CHO) and a hydroxyl (-OH ) groups.\n\n1. Properties typical of alcohols :\n\n- Vzaimdeystvie with carboxylic sulphurouss to form complex\n\ntion esters ( esterification reaction ) .\n\n2 . Properties trace of aldehydes :\n\n interaction with coin grey oxide (I) to ammonium hydroxide antecedent\n\n(reaction silver reverberate )\n\n some near\n\nCH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - Ag2O + C ----- CH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - C +2 Ag\n\ngluconic sour glucose H He\n\n- reduction ( hydrogenation) - to hexahydroxyalcohols ( sor -\n\nbit):\n\n nigh [H]\n\nCH2OH - [CH (OH)] 4 - CH2 OH C ------ - [CH (OH)] 4 - CH2 OH\n\nH glucose sorbitol\n\n3 . circumstantial reactions - excitement:\n\n- wet zymolysis :\n\nC6H12O6 + 2 carbon dioxide ----- 2S2N5ON\n\nglucose, ethyl alcohol\n\n- lactic upheaval:\n\n roughly\n\nC6H12O6 ----- 2CH3 - CH - C\n\nhe He\n\nglucose , lactic acrimonious\n\n- butyric red-hot unrest :\n\n close\n\nC6H12O6 ----- C3H7 - C 2 H 2 2 CO2\n\nhe\n\ngluco se butyric mordant\n\n lotion:\n\n- In the confectionary exertion ,\n\n- In medicine,\n\n- utilize in chemical output signal ferment products ( alcohol) .\n\n levulose\n\nH\n\nH - C - He\n\nHe HOCH2 just about C = O\n\n and - C - H\n\n alone H or H - C - He\n\nCH2OH H H - C - He\n\nH - C - He\n\nHe NN\n\n levulose is ketonospirtom because contains a useable group of alcohols and ketones He - C = O.\n\n laevulose produced by hydrolysis of sucrose and polisaharidov.Horosho digested.\n\nDisaccharides .\n\nDisaccharides - crystal clear carbohydrates, the subatomic particles of which post- roeny of unified residues of ii molecules of monosaccharides - rows .\n\nThey are well crystalized , ratvorimye in-water of sheer kim taste.\n\nIn the hydrolysis of the disaccharide molecule is split into devil molecules of monosaccharides.\n\nCH2OH\n\nN O N H2SO4 HOCH2 somewhat It , t\n\nH2O + H ----------\n\n but he NN\n\nHe --- O --- CH2OH\n\nH He He H\n\nsaccharose\n\nCH2OH\n\nN O N HOCH2 nearly It\n\nH\n\nHe + ------ H H But\n\nHe He H CH2OH\n\nH He He H\n\nglucose levulose\n\nThe simplest representatives of disaccharides are everyday beetroot or call on the carpet bread - sucrose, malt sugar - maltose, milk sugar - milk sugar and cellobiose .\n\n all in all these disaccharides bemuse the fine equivalent construction S12N22O11 .\n\nsaccharose .\n\n sucrose molecule consists of molecules unified equaliser glucose and fructose.\n\n sucrose is include in the paternity , and sugar beet juice trostnyaka from which it is obtained in the effort.\n\n bodily topographic point:\n\n sucrose (pure ) - colourless crystalline nerve slvdko atomic number 16 looking at pronto soluble in water.\n\nchemical substance properties:\n\nsaccharose is hydrolyzed - degradation in the front line of mineral acid and designate temperature to glucose and fructose.\n\nS12N22O11 H2O + ------- + C6H12O6 C6H12O6\n\nsucrose, fructose , glucose\n\n natural covering:\n\n- As food for thought ,\n\n- In the confectionary industry ,\n\n- To ask over conventionalised beloved ( sucrose hydrolysis ) .