Recommendation For strength of TGV Cinema Essay

TGV cinema can take the advantage of strong financial position to make improvement as old fashion, traditional or manually operation will result in business being backward in the competitive edge. They should hire more workers to ensure that the system or program work more efficiently. Besides, it can do more promotions like offer various special packages. All these can bring their customers` satisfaction level to a higher level by utilize the good financial condition. TGV cinema has TGV cinema has the strength on providing new-brand experience with reasonable price. It has introduced featuring funky bean bags that allow you to relax and enjoy movies in unsurpassed comfort. So, it can utilize this advantage to attract more movie-goers by doing some advertisement on billboards or newspapers to enable the patrons know more about their services and facilities. Since 28 June 2013, TGV cinemas become fully digitised following the successful installation of 164 Christie ® DLP Digital Cin ema ® CP2220 projectors. Thus, TGV Cinema should utilize their digital cinemas in redefining cinematic experience for cinema-goers. This years, 3D movies are becoming a preferred option by movie-goers especially when available and at the same time the cinema advertising market is also largely untapped in Malaysia. So if there are 3D movies, why not TGV cinemas produce more enticing, interactive and creative advertisements through 3D advertisements. Recently, apart from hall bookings, TGV Cinemas also provides added services to complement the corporate and private functions such as customised menu to suit catering needs, customised party packs, and entertainment solutions such as magic shows, clowns, face painting and many more. Thus, to utilize this services, the Marketing Department should ensure the advertisement jobs are done well and information about this services is well distributed to the public so that they know about this existing services clearly and this services will become their first choice whe never they want to organize some functions. 3.1 Utilizing the identified opportunities Based on the SWOT analysis performed, Malaysia has lesser cinema compared to other countries. As number of cinema-goers is increasing, cinema companies are competing in satisfying customers’ needs. Thus, TGV cinema can  take this opportunity to expand their business by opening more branches over the country to serve people`s growing needs. This is a good opportunity for TGV cinema to increase their recognition in other countries and also improve the access to financial resources. TGV Cinema has developed a partnership with IMAX Corporation when they bring The IMAX Experience to audiences across Malaysia. As we know that IMAX is an innovator in entertainment technology, combines proprietary software, architecture and equipment, thus TGV Cinema should utilize this partnership to develop a good and trustworthy business relationship with them. The Chief Executive Officer and Managing Directors should also keep communicate with them to show interesting with their new products and come up with strategic planning that benefits both the companies. Based on the survey done by students from HELP University, Liew Chee Kit, Lee Weng Chuan on 2012, Hollywood film had been well dominating the movie business not only in Malaysia but globally as well. Thus, TGV cinema should utilize this opportunity to screening more upcoming Hollywood blockbusters to increase its number of customers. There are highlights of the 2015 movie season as it is filled with follow-ups to fan favourite blockbusters and a few re-imaginings of iconic tales such as Cinderella, The Avengers 2, Terminator 5, James Bond 24, and Star Wars: Episode VII and many others anticipating movies. 3.2 Overcome the identified weakness One of the weakness of TGV is ease of navigation. Nowadays, internet are very convenience and people are using it mainly for everything. However, not all of the internet users have the skill to use it well. Therefore, the information included in the webpage of TGV should arrange nicely and provide some basic guidelines to the users. Furthermore, TGV’s website also should provide all the relevant information in the hyperlink directly so that the users would not need to take extra step to obtain their information. These convenience will definitely attract more customer and maximize the profit of TGV. Besides, TGV should allow customers to enjoy more benefits and convenient by offering services such as launching a co-branded credit card. By launching this type of credit card, TGV can offers some discount at the same time to the customers who use credit card during transactions. This will allow them to enjoy fantastic movies at TGV by using lesser money.  With this concept, customers are definitely attracted by it. Lastly, the branches of TGV cinemas in Malaysia are lesser than its biggest competitor, GSC. This is also the weakness of TGV. Therefore, TGV should open up more branches in Malaysia. This will not only become a threat to other competitors but also leave a good image to the consumers. This is because people will recognise TGV easily when they sees TGV branches throughout the country whenever they go. 3.2 Overcome the identified threats Firstly, the introduction of GST at the rate of 6% is one of the threat to TGV. It will definitely affect every aspect of the business including TGV cinemas. One of the reason is the willingness of the consumers to spend money on watching movies in TGV cinemas is being affected. This will cause the reduction of customers of TGV cinemas. Therefore, we suggested that TGV should reduce the cost of the tickets for every movie. It also should have some special promotions or packages, such as offering a free combo popcorns for purchasing 5 tickets at once for a particular movie. As there are many existing competitors which become threats for TGV Cinema, thus they should develop a sustainable relationship with their customers and keep communicate with their customers by receiving sufficiently feedbacks on their services. This process can be progressed through Facebook as most of the people now have their own Facebook account. This process can help the company to understand their customers` demand, continually to come up with new plans that satisfy and fulfil their customers` desire and develop a competitive advantage in the industry. As the existent of DVD store such as Speedy Video Distributors Sdn. Bhd, online movies or illegal websites that provide the downloading of movies and home theatre will threaten TGV cinemas, they can choose to offer lower price of tickets to overcome this problem. TGV can also promote their facilities which are easily found or enjoy only in TGV cinemas through advertisements.

Portfolio Assessment

Portfolio assessment is a multi-faceted process characterized by the following recurrent qualities: * It is continuous and ongoing, providing both formative (i. e. , ongoing) and summative (i. e. , culminating) opportunities for monitoring students' progress toward achieving essential outcomes. * It is multidimensional, i. e. , reflecting a wide variety of artifacts and processes reflecting various aspects of students' learning process(es). It provides for collaborative reflection, including ways for students to reflect about their own thinking processes and metacognitive introspection as they monitor their own comprehension, reflect upon their approaches to problem-solving and decision-making, and observe their emerging understanding of subjects and skills. * They clearly reflect stated learner outcomes identified in the core or essential curriculum that students are expected to study. * They focus upon students' performance-based learning experiences as well as their acquisition of key knowledge, skills, and attitudes. They contain samples of work that stretch over an entire marking period, rather than single points in time. * They contain works that represent a variety of different assessment tools. * They contain a variety of work samples and evaluations of that work by the student, peers, and teachers, possible even parents' reactions. Source: Paul S. George, (1995). What Is Portfolio Assessment Really and How Can I Use It in My Classroom? Gainesville, FL: Teacher Education Resources. Purposes of the Portfolio The Professional Portfolio we describe at PortfolioMaker. a differs from others you may see elsewhere in that it includes the following two main purposes: * To demonstrate your professional knowledge and skill in what some people call teaching ‘competencies' and which we call ‘Dimensions of Teaching'. * To emphasize your reflections on your entries. Your reflections will prove to be an integral part of the whole portfolio process because without them, the portfolio remains merely a scrapbook, a collection of information — not a portfolio. Our philosophy of the Professional Portfolio builds on the work of Donald Schon (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Basic Books. * To illustrate your knowledge and skills in interviews or job appraisals. * To make your teaching visible so that you can: * Ensure that your teaching includes practices that reflect the reasons that you chose this profession. * Reflect on your practice and establish learning goals and/or targets. * Reflect on your practice to determine the extent to which you have achieved these goals and/or targets. * Ensure that your teaching reflects your beliefs about what good teaching should be * And, to celebrate your professionalism. Different Types of Portfolios * Documentation Portfolio: This type is also know as the â€Å"working† portfolio. Specifically, this approach involves a collection of work over time showing growth and improvement reflecting students' learning of identified outcomes. The documentation portfolio can include everything from brainstorming activities to drafts to finished products. The collection becomes meaningful when specific items are selected out to focus on particular educational experiences or goals. It can include the bet and weakest of student work. Process Portfolio: This approach documents all facets or phases of the learning process. They are particularly useful in documenting students' overall learning process. It can show how students integrate specific knowledge or skills and progress towards both basic and advanced mastery. Additionally, the process portfolio inevitably emphasizes students' reflection upon their learning process, including the use of reflective journals, think logs, and related forms of metacognitive processing. * Showcase Portfolio: This type of portfolio is best used for summative evaluation of students' mastery of key curriculum outcomes. It should include students' very best work, determined through a combination of student and teacher selection. Only completed work should be included. In addition, this type of portfolio is especially compatible with audio-visual artifact development, including photographs, videotapes, and electronic records of students' completed work. The showcase portfolio should also include written analysis and reflections by the student upon the decision-making process(es) used to determine which works are included.

Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Supply Chain - Essay Example According to management study guide (MSG) (2013), a design framework should take into consideration elements of technology, external environment, market, and product. A supply chain is the critical backbone for distribution and consumption of goods and services (Watson et al. 2012). An efficient design should span across the market and should involve suppliers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. With changing consumer patterns, firms want to supply their products through different channels (Watson et al. 2012). A supply chain network dictates the manufacturing methodology and assembly points a given good or service should be collected from (MSG 2013). An organization maximizes its profitability by minimizing transportation costs by setting up warehouses closer to the consumers (Watson et al. 2012). The production unit should be situated where transportation costs of raw materials are minimal. A supply chain network defines sales and marketing decisions. MSG (2013) states that a supply chain network extrapolates cost impacts and combines possible combinations to project profitability. Supply design network is a strategic endeavor that includes long term; short term and capacity planning that extend over lengthy time horizons. An integer and linear programming mathematical optimization are the best approaches to deciding on various options and determine the best locations for supply (Watson et al. 2012). A strategic fit concept requires that organizations achieve efficiency in a supply chain in a way that meets the organization’s competitive strategy. The organization has to identify relevant drivers to achieve this efficiency. In any organization, capital productivity in the supply chain context comes when responsiveness and efficiency are improved (Business and Management University, 2011). Inventory, transportation, information and facilities determine the

STARBUCKS Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

STARBUCKS - Term Paper Example This will allow the licensor firm to collect a royalty fee from the licensee. This can be of great benefit to a licensor that has limited capital to enable it engage in full operations in the foreign nation. A major disadvantage though is the fact that this mode gives the firm much less tight and central control over the foreign operations. This entry mode is almost similar to licensing. The franchisee obtains the main business know-how through an agreement with the franchiser by paying a royalty fee. This know-how also includes patents and trademarks. The main difference when compared to licensing is that franchisee operates under certain rules dictated by the franchiser. This is mainly so as to maintain its reputation and standards. This is very common in the service industry. The main advantage with this is that the firm can efficiently explore this new market with minimal development costs and risks. The disadvantage is that the franchisee will have to abide by strict rules set by the franchiser. This is not always possible and the franchisor may have its reputation tarnished if the franchisee does not maintain the high standards. This is a very common entry mode that is used all over the globe. It can be explained by having two or more firms forming an alliance that will put them in a better position to penetrate the new international market. These are often based on a 50/50 type of agreement. This operation is always separate from both companies. There are situations whereby one of the firms invests more than the other leading to more shares in the Joint venture hence handing it a controlling stake. The advantages of this method of foreign market entry are;- This mode in simple terms means that the company owns all the shares in the overseas firm/entity. There are two main means of establishing such kinds of subsidiaries: Greenfield venture and

Perspectives Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Perspectives - Research Paper Example It might be of some interest to note that that not only ‘behavior’ but also ‘learning’ was not given much importance by early day psychologists. Possibly they concluded that ‘behavior’ was something that could neither be quantified nor categorized and thus did not merit any special investigation. However, at the beginning of 20th century some psychologists felt that ‘behavior’ indeed identifies a man and makes him stand out in his interactions with fellow humans and therefore can very well be considered as an outward manifestation of an individual’s psychological constitution. Though, they did agree that it cannot quantified and thus cannot be measured or compared in absolute terms. Thus, a small band of psychologists took it upon themselves to study ‘behavior’ in intricate detail while the majority continued to stick to the earlier stance of not giving ‘behavior’ that much importance. In this paper the perspectives of Watson, Skinner and Tolman are compared and contrasted and an attempt has been made to relate their perspectives to modern day approach to psychology as a separate discipline. John B. Watson Watson is widely believed to be the father of the term ‘behaviorism’ and is credited with the introduction, or should we say, infiltration of this term in mainstream psychology. Watson also took a distinctly adamant stand in the age old nature versus nurture debate in that he believed that nurture, which is, how a person is brought up and his experiences since childhood, plays a distinct role in shaping his approach and attitude and nature has very little role to play in such formation. As a proof of his contention, he conducted the famous experiment of white rat and how fear got instilled in the psyche of Little Albert when a loud frightening sound accompanied every time the rat was shown to the child. As a further proof of his contention, in a slightly changed scenario, he showed the white rat to the child who was struck with a steel bar a little while after he observed the white rat. Thus fear acquired two connotations to Albert, one is the sight of the white rat and the other was the sound of his crying as he was struck by a steel bar. By this combined exposure to conditioned stimulus of the white rat and unconditioned stimulus of getting struck by a steel bar Albert was conditioned to be perpetually afraid of white rat. Watson reasoned that fears that are conditioned remain with a person and modify his behavior for the rest of his life (Leary, 2004). By the end of the first decade of 20th century Watson published his classical treatise Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It where he made a tersely woven logical case for behavior to be considered as an integral part of psychological analysis. He started his argument with the assumption that was never doubted or challenged by any scholar that psychology is a scientific discipline on its own merit. As psychology is a separate science it needs to be based on empirical data that could be independently verified through experiments. Facts that are observed during experiments are by definition observable and could be codified. The only publicly observable aspect of psychology is behavior and not consciousness that can neither be observed nor codified. Therefore, the most popular method at that time of studying consciousness, that is, introspection cannot be termed as a scientific

Rodriguez Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rodriguez Assignment - Essay Example I noted that during the collection of relevant materials one needs to be careful because not all library material is credible. Some of the materials I received contained contradicting information and I thus needed to sort out and use those that contained accurate information. I acknowledge the importance of taking notes while completing an assignment. Taking notes is important because it guides the person completing an assignment to organize points in terms of their significance and relevance in answering the assignment question. After sorting out the points in order of their significance to the assignment it is important to formulate an outline that will assist in answering the questions in the assignment. Before making the final copy for marking, it is important to make a rough draft where changes can be made. In making the rough draft, Bean’s concepts of integrating ideas from various sources and readings come into play. One needs to read widely, recall the ideas from various sources and blend them to make one complete and quality assignment (Bean et al). I noted that completion of assignments requires adequate preparation time and should not be done in a

Why Japan should be allowed to continue whaling Essay

Why Japan should be allowed to continue whaling - Essay Example Therefore, the following discussion aims at highlighting the different reasons that should encourage the continuity whaling in Japan. The Japanese community has always engaged in whale fishing, since the early days. The whaling fleets usually depart from the country twice annually. They head to the southern ocean sanctuary in November, where they hunt minke whales. In May, the fleets visit the Northwest Pacific to hunt different species of whales. These include minke, bryde, fin whales, sei, as well as sperm whales. Once the fishers get the whales, they process the meat, and return home with the finished product ready for consumption (Cunningham, Huijbens, & Wearing, 2012). Consequently, the activity forms a large part of the Japanese culture as it outlines the activities done on an annual basis. More to these, whaling perpetuates a sense of nationalism amongst the people, given its domestic origin. The community prides itself in the practice, as it has no western influence, unlike other activities that were introduced by colonialists. Therefore, the activity bears a long history in the country, and needs to be pr otected to maintain the culture of the people. This follows the need to pass on traditions and practices that characterize a given culture to future generations. Unlike the international community that views whales as mammals that need to be protected from extinction, the Japanese view whales as fish (Miller, & Dolsak, 2007). Consequent to this, the culture of the Japanese community believes that whales serve the significant purpose of food. Just like some communities feed on cows as a source of food, and others give it a sacred status, so does Japan see whales as a type of fish. Therefore, inhibiting whaling in Japan can be seen as a form of cultural imperialism as it interferes with their beliefs. The country should emphasize on preserving its beliefs,

Develop a sense of the importance of integrity and ethics in small Essay

Develop a sense of the importance of integrity and ethics in small business ownership - Essay Example This paper will discuss the importance of ethics and integrity in small business enterprises. Research asserts that small-business investors substantially rely on ethical codes in the business setting. For example, the aspect of ethics in matters regarding finance should not be overlooked. This is because such businesses rely on accounting ethics. In case the business owners are not conscious about financial recordkeeping practices, then, they are likely to face tremendous challenges. In addition, they are exposed to risks related to fraud if they do not uphold ethics and integrity in the business (Petryni, 2008). Recently, some of the small businesses have implemented the code of ethics which is normally entailed in the policies of the organization. This code of ethics is normally a statement of values which defines the organization. In most cases, the code of ethics usually addresses issues related to conflict of interest, competition data, assets of the company and employee practices. Furthermore, integrity also forms a crucial part in business since; lack of integrity in the organization leads to poor development of the firm (Longenecker, Petty, Palich, & Hoy, 2012). Contrarily, there are some businesses which do not uphold the integrity and the code of ethics. In such cases, the business is said to run under unethical practices. There are several unethical practices that are practiced in most of the small businesses. One of the most prominent unethical practices is the lack of compassion. According to empirical studies, most of the workers in small business firms are usually exposed to unethical treatment (Longenecker, Petty, Palich, & Hoy, 2012). For example, most small companies offer medical covers for its employees especially if the company operates in risky circumstances. In case an employee is injured while in the line of duty, he or she must be

Character Study of Kevin Clash in Constance Mark's Being Elmo Essay

Character Study of Kevin Clash in Constance Mark's Being Elmo - Essay Example Determined and resourceful He was not always around while his little girl was growing up though he really wanted to but the demand for his appearance is necessary Dedicated with his work Torn between family time and work time but faced the adversaries of his work professionally There was a point in time that his daughter messaged him asking him to spend some time with her for she will be moving to college in a few years time and so he did manage to spend time wisely with work and his daughter A loving father He did realize Elmo’s importance to kids, and his too, when a young girl wanted to see Elmo as a dying wish Sympathetic Trains and inspires aspiring puppeteers An inspiration Being Elmo is a story of how a man is in the likelihood of acquiring success if he pursues his dreams and aspirations in life with all passion and dedication. It is a story of how a person was able to succeed despite challenges along the way as long as determination and focus is set on a sturdy will t hat no matter how hard the road to success may be aspiration will always get it into something great. It tells a story of how so much passion is put into something that pays really well especially when the person takes people into consideration aside from his own. A story of childhood in every person and how a simple childish dream was set into the biggest reality of having a dream come true that brings every aspiring child in every viewer. Kevin Clash is a strong willed character who knows where to put his dreams to eventually become a reality. An ambitious hardworking and dedicated person with what he loves to do even when other people thinks that his passion for puppets will not get him anywhere. This is a tear-jerker documentary of connivance between passionate individuals when Kevin Clash clashes into an almost losing red puppet that changed both of their worlds into a dream come true. Kevin is an ambitious boy that even at an early age he knew what he wants to do and would mak e people around him know how much he is into it. His ambition made him do his first puppet out of his father’ trench coat without even thinking what his folks would say but nevertheless he did it to show how much his conviction for his dream is. The same ambition blinded him of the obstacles along the way that made him stay focused despite negativities around his passion for puppets (‘Being Elmo’). Kevin is an optimistic person. He always sees the bright side in everything that keeps him more focused and dedicated. He wanted to prove that he will not fail. Take for instance when Elmo was thrown in his palm and was asked to find a voice for it. He knew how experienced and great Richard Hunt is, but nevertheless he took the challenge and stood up for it. Kevin went home to Baltimore and put dedication into the voice of Elmo. His childhood and loving character was transpired into the red puppet and so Elmo was born to spread love the way he was created for (‘B eing Elmo’). He does not care much if he works behind the cam and that everybody knows Elmo but only a few know

Elmo makes Music Essay Example for Free

Elmo makes Music Essay Sesame Street live concerts are known for providing kinetic shows which feature interactivity for children. The Sesame Street Live: Elmo Makes Music concert, was held at the Memorial Auditorium on January 16, 2009. The show consisted of two acts, comprised of multiple skits each. This format allowed for a rapidly changing mix of sets and costumes, which help to foster a sense of excitement and expectancy for the audience. The combination of visual and musical expression each with many quick-paced variations explored the universality which is implied in music, expressed at a level which even small children could understand. One of the key elements of the Sesame Street live shows is the presentation of music as a spectrum of feelings and colors. To this end, the musical numbers provided a great range of styles and moods, from dance-numbers to more pensive, introspective melodies. The participatory aspect of the show is also a key to its resonance and high entertainment value. By offering music which features bold, often simple melodies and stark, expressionistic musical tones, the children in the audience are able to rely on their natural instinct to clap, shout, and sing-along. In this way, ‘Sesame Street live: Elmo Makes Music’ has a special musical message for the children, which is that music is a part of each and every one of them. no matter their particular place or station in life. By encouraging children to sing along, or to participate in the show by using their hands and stamping feet to keep the rhythm of the music, the show promotes a sense of integration and communal experience which is ure to last far beyond the confines of the concert hall. Additionally, because the premise of the show was based upon continual surprise, the children in the audience are left with a sense of open-possibilities and wonder. For example, the plot of the show centers around the idea that the actual band that was supposed to perform could not do so, because the truck with all of the music teacher’s instruments did not arrive on time. Accordingly, the whole show focuses around surprising Jenny, the music teacher who was upset because of her missing music instruments. The sesame street cast members decided to form their own band by creating percussion instruments and such, out of articles that they found, and could produce sound with. This is an obvious allegory for the individual talents and capacities that each person holds within them; taken together, as a community, these capacities and talents make music which can also be seen as social harmony and cultural understanding. Specific songs included the rhyming poetically based ‘Sunny Days’ Sesame Street theme, as well as ‘What Makes Music’, and the popular ‘Who Are the People in your Neighborhood’. There was also a saucy little number called the Cookie Crumba Rumba which lent a sultry, rumba beat to the program. Since the Rumba is a romantic dance that uses a lot of hip action and body movement, I leave it to your imagination to picture the comical aspects of this particular musical performance. Historically the rumba requires the performer to show plenty of emotion, and the fake heads were stuck in permanent grins, which made it even funnier. The Alphabet Dance, Fuzzy and Blue and Elmo’s World concluded Act I. In Act II the band led off with Together we will Make Music, and this was followed by a hilarious Bert and Ernie’s version of the famous Bee Gees Disco movie Boogie nights. Bert was dressed up in the memorable John Travolta white polyester suit. Other numbers such as Triangle Cheer and a very lively Rockin’ Robin were especially fun. Percussion instruments definitely predominated, with an occasional wind instrument, as in the Honk Bang Whistle and Crash, skit. Thank You for the Music was somewhat reminiscent of the Carol Burnett theme, ‘So Glad we had this Time Together’. The last scene the new music teacher Jenny joins in, with the official Sesame Street Band. The concert was a treat for the children, and the most difficult part of all for parents seemed to be explaining to their children why they could not join their friends on stage. Elmo Makes Music invited audience participation, and the children were thrilled to use their voices to sing, and their feet and hands to produce sounds as their own personal percussion instruments, to keep time with the beat and tempo. Because the overall theme of the show is that of communal inclusion, the mechanics and techniques used in creating the aesthetic approach of the show gives the show a sense of wholeness and authenticity.

Access To Humanities And Social Science Sociology Essay

Access To Humanities And Social Science Sociology Essay This essay will explore the concept of the family, and how it has changed over time. The family is an enduring institution over time and within different cultural settings such as nomadic, tribal, agrarian, industrial and post- industrial. The history of man is essentially linked to that of the family; for instance, the most powerful narrative of the western world is arguably the bible, and it gives the defining genealogy of mankind. A central theme of the bible is family history which links the main players from Adam and Eve through to Jesus himself, for instance; who doesnt know Jesus was from the line of David? It is, amongst other things, an extensive documentation of family. It is said that in pre-industrial Britain, the family had different a different social agenda and a different focus than that of the family in the industrial revolution that followed. Before industrialisation Britain was an agricultural country with most of its population working on the land. It is widely believed that the extended family was prevalent in these times. Social historian Philippe Aries (1962) suggested that children of this time were regarded as little adults who took part in the work place and were thought of as an economic asset. He argued that as their death rate was so high, there were difficulties in investing emotionally in children. In medieval society the idea of childhood did not exist; www.google.com/www.ehs.org.uk/society/pdfs/Hendrick%2015a.pdf On the other hand, Peter Laslett (1972-77), studied pre industrial family structures and suggested that neither kinship, nor the classic extended families were typical family structures in pre industrial Britain or America, he suggested the figures showed these families made up less than 10% of the family population in. After extensive research on family sizes in Britain he reversed the argument that the nuclear family came about in reaction to industrialisation, stating that the nuclear family was to be found in pre industrial Britain, and that there was evidence of the same in much of Europe, the nuclear family had economic, political and social consequences that prepared Britain and Europe for early industrialisation. He called the nuclear family of this time the western family. His studies also led him to conclude that the classic extended family was found more widely in Eastern Europe and in countries such as Russia and Japan. Anderson (1980) argued that there was a greater variety of family structure than Laslett implied in his research, implying pre industrial Europe was characterised by family diversity. Anderson used data from the 1851 census of Preston and concluded that 23% of the households of the working classes contained kin beyond that of the nuclear family, a much larger figure than that of Lasletts findings. Preston was largely reliant on the cotton trade in these times, and he concluded that in these times of hardship, resulting from spells of high unemployment, low wages, high death rates and overcrowded housing, large kinship networks would be beneficial to all parties. For example, the parents of spouses would often live in the same household, providing them with child care whilst they were out at work. In turn the grandparents were cared for. Andersons studies led him to conclude that the working class family of the mid nineteenth century acted as a mutual aid organisation. Anderson argued that industrialisation increased rather than decreased extensions of working class nuclear families. In1949 functionalist George Murdock published his studies on the institution of the family, looking at a wide range of societies (250) from large scale industrial, to small hunter gatherer societies. He concluded that a form of the family existed in every society. Murdock defined the family (1949) It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved relationship, and one or more children, own or adopted, of sexually cohabiting adults.; Haralambos Holborn, Sociology Themes and perspectives Seventh edition, pg 460. Murdock defined the family as living together, pooling its resources, working together, and producing offspring. He also thought of the family as functioning with at least two of its adult members conducting a sexual relationship, depending on the norms of its society. For example in Muslim countries it is allowed for the male to have up to four wives. Murdock defined the family as being a universal social institution. Functionalist views are often referred to as conservative thinking, preserving or maintaining the status quo. Arguments opposing functionalist theories emerge from Marxist and feminist ideology, as often in their fundamental nature, they will challenge or change existing perceived oppression and exploitation, with feminists exposing, or trying to change oppression of women, and in Marxist ideology, exposing and theorizing on the exploitation and oppression of the working classes. (1884) Engles studied the evolution of the family with a Marxist outlook. Engles argued that the monogamous nuclear family developed as the state passed laws to protect private property, and to enforce monogamous marriage. The nuclear monogamous family solved the problem of the inheritance of property, and gave men certainty as to the legitimacy of their heirs. Engels stated that the monogamous family asserted male supremacy; the express purpose being to produce children of undisputed paternity, such paternity is demanded because these children are later to come into their fathers property Engles (1972) first published (1884), Haralambos Holborn, Sociology Themes and perspectives Seventh edition pg464. Marxist feminists see women as being unequal in society and in the family; they assert the inequality of patriarchal systems in society such as the family. This group of feminist psychologists see the problems facing women in society as being capitalist, but unlike Marxists, who concentrate on capitalism and its effects on the family, the Marxist feminist would focus on its effects on women. Speaking of housewives Benston commented (1972) The amount of unpaid labour performed by women is very large and profitable to those who own the means of production pg466. She would assert that the male member of the family pays for the running of a future work force (his children) and the financial care of his wife, and as a result, he is trapped in the cogs of capitalism. Talcot Parsons (1959-65b) was an influential Functionalist sociologist who asserted that the American family had, by this point in the evolution of the American society, been reduced to two main functions; the stabilisation of children, and the stabilisation of the adult personalities. Parsons identified the typical family in modern industrial society as the isolated nuclear family, and argued; as the society evolves and becomes engaged in processes of structural differentiation, the functions of the family are diminished. Parsons thought that as institutions develop within society, there would be a transfer of a variety of functions from the nuclear family to other structures of society, Haralambos Holborn, Sociology Themes and perspectives Seventh edition pg47. The Education system, Health and Welfare systems were all seen as examples of this transference of functions. He argued that the isolated nuclear family helps to maintain and perpetuate the wider society. He continued that ascribed status that is given to its members within the family, directly contrasts with status that has to be achieved in society at large. It is because it is isolated it can manage this discrepancy; if it was not, extended tensions could arise. An example of this is the position Parsons gives to the male within the family, head of the family, which may contradict with a lower economic status outside the family, but it is managed within the isolated nuclear family. In an extended family, another male in the household who was on more pay than the spouse, would reduce that males status within his family. The family had become structurally isolated and family relationships were more of a matter of choice than blinding obligations. Parsons saw these existing functions of the nuclear family as being vital functions in maintaining the American way of life. (1976) Zaretsky gave a Marxist outlook; in researching the developments of the family in industrialised societies he asserted the family props up capitalism Haralambos Holborn, Sociology Themes and perspectives Seventh edition p465. Zaretsky (1976) asserted that only with industrialisation, work and family life separated. He noted that the family was seen as a refuge in a terrible anonymous world of commerce and industry. But unlike Parsons, who was pro capitalism, he would say that the family perpetuates capitalism and inequality; in the unpaid labour of women, creating new labour forces, and in the family being a unit of consumption that allowed the bourgeoisie too prosper. Zaretsky saw socialism as the familys answer to the evils of capitalism. Marxist feminist Fran Ansley echoed the Marxist view point when she asserted wives play their traditional role as takers of shit, they often absorb their husbands legitimate anger and frustration at their own powerlessness and oppression. Hers was the view that married working class women cushion their husbands ill feelings at their powerlessness within the work place. There are three periods in the development of feminism; the first being political, mainly campaigning for womens rights to vote. The second period of feminist development was in the 1960s depicting the rise of the womans liberation movement which dealt with social and economic discrimination, with feminists of the time campaigning for womens rights and to change legislation. The third period is said to have continued from the second, but also in reaction to what had already been achieved by feminists through legislation. This period is said to have started in the 1990s and has continued to present times. There are different groups of feminists, who have differing opinions concerning womens issues and what is the best way forward for womankind. It is said that in modern times feminism has splintered into different groups, reflecting the needs of a multi cultural society. Addressing, for example, feminism from a cultural point of view; such as honour killings, and arranged marriages, w hich pose considerable problems for the agents of a host society. Different groups of feminist sociologists include liberal feminism; which is a less extreme form of feminism than others. Commenting on liberal feminism Susan Wendel remarks, one of the modern political goals most closely associated with liberal feminism is equality of opportunity which would undoubtedly require and lead to both; www.google.com /en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal feminism. They see women as having equality, but would look at a womens ability to show or uphold her equality in the decisions and actions she makes. A liberal feminist would say that a woman needs to mould herself to fit citizenship in a social structure constructed in the interests of men. They also believe that socialisation needs to be addressed, as in its current form, it can often perpetuate the inequalities that women face in society; an example of this would be girls toys like dolls and prams conditioning them into their future role as ho use wives and mothers. Liberal feminist Jennifer Somerville (2000) sees our society as being much more equal in recent years. She believes that laws need to be passed to make heterosexual marriages more equal in order to address the family breakdown. Radical Feminists believe women are unequal in society. Women are exploited in patriarchal society. Some radical feminists believe the answer is separatism; meaning that men and women should live apart. Radical feminist Germaine Greer (2000) remarks on high profile family couples; her eyes should be fixed on him but he should do his best never to be caught looking at her. The relationship must be seen to be unequal Haralambos Holborn, Sociology Themes and perspectives Seventh edition pg 468. She argues that women seem oblivious to the misgivings of marriage but the inequalities soon become apparent, and that male sexuality requires the added stimulus of novelty. She points to the fact that three quarters of divorces in Britain are instigated by women, as evidence that women will no longer suffer in silence for the illusion of a stable family life. She sees this as a good thing for women. Difference feminist, Calhoun (1997) states that heterosexual relationships exploit women, and that gay and lesbian relationships reduce that exploitation. She remarks that gays and lesbians have historically been depicted as family outlaws. Calhoun sees another type of family outlaw; the unwed welfare mother. Calhoun thinks that these family outlaws have been blamed for the breakdown of the traditional family, and of a moral decline within society. Difference feminism has been influenced by liberal, Marxist and radical feminism and has connotations with post modern theories. But where Marxist, and radical feminist movements are insensitive to family variation. Difference feminists focus on these family variations and there effects. American Difference Feminist Linda Nicholson (1977) states that women can benefit from living in an alternative family, that other theorists and sociologists have over idealised the nuclear family and undermined the alternative family. Examples of alternative families are; families with a stay at home father, heterosexual families living outside marriage, step families and homosexual families to name a few. She points out that the nuclear family had only been the norm since the fifties, and that even then it was uncommon for groups such as the African American working classes. Nicholson says that changes in society such as Increased participation of married women in the labour force, and the growth of female-headed households were making this way of life increasingly atypical; Nicholson (1997) pg471. She sees benefits for women living in an alternative family; black women benefiting from mother centred families, as with no male presents, the women often group together forming strong support networks. Also in times of financial hardship, friends and kin act as a social insurance system, helping financially. Nicholson saw disadvantages for women in an alternative family as being; if the family did come into money, they would then be expected to, in turn, help their network of close friends and family financially, another disadvantage of this type of alternative family would be that children had no father figure, unlike in many middle class households. Nicholson also looked at the advantages and disadvantages of the nuclear family. Disadvantages are that with both parents having to work, the childrens upbringing can be negatively affected, and with such a structure, abused children often had nowhere to turn within a nuclear family. Nicholson would assert that an advantage of being in a nuclear family would be that there is a much greater chance of being economically successful as often, both parents are working, and that the nuclear family doesnt have to redistrib ute its wealth. Nicholson would argue that different families and households should be acknowledged because they suit women in differing circumstances. Examine the changing and diverse nature of the family in modern society; the modern family has become increasingly diverse in structure in todays modern western world. The nuclear family is no longer seen as the norm by many sociologists, and other family structures such as: lone parent families, matriarchal families, reconstructed families (step families), Homosexual families, mixed race families, and ethnic minority families, have become more common place in modern western societies. One form of family which has attracted criticism in recent years is the lone parent family. This type of family structure is now much more prevalent in the western world, in Britain alone, it is said that there has been a thirty per cent increase in lone parent families in the last ten years. Around a quarter of all families are headed by one parent in Britain today. The new right (modern functionalists) believe that the nuclear family is the ideal family structure, and view lone parent families and sa me sex families as harmful to society. From a new right perspective, lone parent families mostly have no father figure to financially provide for the family, making it financially dependent on the state. Also they would argue that the lack of a male role model is a negative force in the socialization process of children. Other criticisms of lone parent families and their financial reliance upon the state, it is argued, is that they have eroded the responsibilities of fathers, who are much more likely to be involved in antisocial behaviour. New right thinkers believe that single parent families have helped to create an underclass in Britains society: who see no need to work, who often live in poverty, whose children are more likely to under achieve in school, and are more likely to be involved in a wide range of social problems. The new right would go so far as to say that there is a generation of a young underclass of females who regard pregnancy as a ticket to receiving housing, an d financial support from the state, but others would say that this is a simplistic outlook and that it is unfair to stigmatise single parent families, or to blame them for the problems within society. Mary McIntosh (1996) pointed out that over recent years, the media in the United Kingdom have been reflecting a concern about lone mothers that amounts to a moral panic pg478. Also, it is mostly not the case that these, mostly teenage girls, get pregnant to be housed and supported by the state, as in most cases, they see a future with their partners, but the relationship breaks down. E.E Ceshmore (1985) speaking of the darker side family life and how it serves male interests asserted that the idea of breaking free of marriage and raising children single handed has its appeals pg488. She continued that it must be preferable for a child to grow up with one caring parent, than live with two warring parents. Another new form of family structure in todays Western society is same sex families. Recent changes in attitudes towards gays and lesbian behaviours and in the law (the UKs Civil Partnership Act of 2004) have enabled this new form of family. Often same sex households will define their households as chosen families, with more choices available than traditional heterosexual families, these families adopt their offspring in most cases, but there is the option of producing a child in a laboratory using donated sperm for some women. It has also been known for homosexuals to conceive children, and for gay couples to use a surrogate mother in order to start a family. Geffery Weeks (1999) stated; they choose whom to include in their family and negotiate what are often fairly egalitarian relationships pg484. Weeks goes on to argue that this type of family is based on individual freedoms, and participation within this family is a matter of bargaining instead of merely adopting the traditional roles within the traditional heterosexual family. Arguments against same sex couples come from the new right and religious groups who argue that the socialisation process of children within these families is undermined by the lack of an adult of the other sex in a same sex family. Generally it is seen as a threat to the traditional models of the heterosexual family. There have been different ethnic groups immigrating to the UK throughout the 20th century. These families have brought with them different norms and values, and different ways of bringing up their offspring. For example, Black Afro Caribbean families, whose structure is often fundamentally matriarchal (single Mothers rearing the children) provide economically for the unit. It is often the case that families originating from Southern Asia often contain extended families. Studies on British Asian families, Muslim: Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Indian: Hindu and Sikh, found that there was a continued emphasis on family loyalty and an effort to maintain traditional marriage practices such as arranged marriages. Ballard commented that this was because upon arriving in Britain, many Asians saw British culture as placing little emphasis on family traditions, or on maintaining kinship ties. These observations resulted in a strong desire to uphold their traditional family ways and try to insure that their children upheld these traditions also. British Asian families often have members of a third generation living in a household, mostly the parents of the mother or father. A Sikh tradition is that when the eldest son marries, his wife moves into the household to help care for the spouses parents. This tradition of collective responsibility can be beneficial to members of the family, and the wider society. For instance, the caring of elderly relatives and child care arrangement of the children are traditionally provided for within the family unit, therefore these families have no need to rely on the state financially. On the other hand it could be argued that women in these families are closely monitored and there is the potential for their exploitation, and their abuse in some cases. Honour killings for example, can be seen as an extreme cultural behaviour, which pose a serious problem in modern society. Different sociological groups have differing opinions regarding the changes in family structures, in changing attitudes towards what is the norm regarding the concept of the family, and the consequences these shifts have incurred. Some point to changes in the law in the sixties and 1970, The Sex Discrimination Act 1975, and changes in legislation that made it easier to divorce. Some sociologists see these changes in legislation as a turning point which saw the start of the decline of the nuclear family as the norm. Germaine Greers book, The Female Eunuch, published in 1970, helped to bring womens liberation to a wide audience of young women. In it, Greer commented that opponents of the liberation of women were more clear sighted than those who believed that equality for women would not upset anything. She went on to say that, when we reap the harvest, which the unwitting suffragettes sowed, we will see that the anti-feminists were after all right. M Abbott/ Family Affairs/ pg121. Oth er sociologists believe that the breakdown of the nuclear family is not down to just these changes in legislation, but point to changes in norms, values and in attitudes in modern times. They point to the numbers of divorces, and assert that most people still believe in marriage as the ideal way in which to bring up a family, but greater freedom and expectations for women have led to the divorce rate rising. Sociologists such as Abbot and Wallice recognise increasing family diversity but view the decline of the nuclear family and of marriages as having been exaggerated by the New Right for political reasons. They assert that, seven out of eight children are born to parents living together, three quarters of whom are legally married. Only one in five children will experience parental divorce by the time he or she is 16. Pg508

Gender Differences In Students Academic Performance :: essays research papers

Gender Differences in Students' Academic Performance Students with urban and suburban backgrounds consistently outperformed students from rural and small-town areas. Parental education levels correlated with academic success. Considering the background of the study's female participants one could reasonably expect women to outperform men. However, in spite of the higher indicators of success possessed by women, this expectation was not fulfilled. Data and background predictions did not match up with what actually occurred. Men received better grades, retained more of their self-confidence, and more men stayed in chemical engineering than women. When students run into math difficulties, men are more likely to credit math difficulties to challenges inherent in the subject, while women are more likely to explain away failure by lack of ability. This is the first of many discrepancies in men and women's perception of their own performance. Regarding general academic performance, women are more likely to attribute it to lack of ability while men more often attribute it to lack of hard work or unfair treatment. If students do well, women will more likely chalk it up to outside help while men see it as a reinforcement of their own ability. Regarding course performance, women were asked to indicate what grade would satisfy them and what grade they actually expected to receive in a course. The women's expectations decreased as the term progressed; they downrated their ability and ended up underestimating themselves. Courses involving group work were included in this study. Although group work was found to be generally positive and well-received by students, the findings inspired the authors to caution educators about potential reactions of students to group work.

Kazuo Ishiguros Remains of the Day Essay -- Kazuo Ishiguro Remains of

Kazuo Ishiguro's Remains of the Day Kazuo Ishiguro's Remains of the Day gives an eloquent treatment of the issue of how a stoic English butler's unemotional reaction to the emotional world around him is damaging and painful, and how he resolves to make the best of the "remains of the day";the remainder of his life. Ishiguro explores some of the differences between the old English Victorian culture;that of the stiff upper lip, no show of emotion, and repression of personal opinion; and the no-holds-barred American culture of free expression of opinion and emotion. The American culture's spread into England is hastened with the two world wars, and it ends Stevens' old way of work, if not the job itself. Although Remains of the Day concentrates on a particular culture, and an obsolescent one at that, Ishiguro makes many insightful observations on human behavior in general. I will explore a few of these observations here, and attempt to show that Ishiguro's work possesses meaning far beyond an examination of one emotional ly-repressed servant. Ishiguro illustrates Stevens, and all of the old English butlers, as characters who basically amount to machines, unable to think for themselves. They see loyalty to the master as the only thing that matters in the world. Every time Stevens ends his lines with â€Å"sir,'; he is repressing his true identity. Ishiguro makes the reader wonder how on earth a person could get to be like this, for the sole reward of having the best silver in the house or the best-starched suits. The old service culture of butlers in England was destined to change dramatically after the two world wars; by the time Stevens decides to change his lifestyle the old ways are already gone forever. Stevens even relates the subdued nature of English scenery to the proper way of dignified behavior, in his observation that the English countryside is more dignified than the showy American landscape, in its â€Å"lack of obvious drama or spectacle'; (28). Obviously, most regular people in England did not act like the butlers. The behavior of the old butlers represents stereotypes which persist today in our conception of the people of England. After all, â€Å"butlers only†¦exist in England'; (43). Indeed, Farraday judges the worth of Stevens, and Darlington Hall, according to stereotypical ideals of genuine Englishness. In a moment of panic, Farraday dem... ...ing purely like a machine, and at least Stevens had good intentions behind his repetitive â€Å"Yes, sirs.'; On his motoring trip, Stevens meets a man named Harry Smith, who argues his own definition of â€Å"dignity';: â€Å"there’s no dignity in being a slave†¦no matter if you’re rich or poor, you’re born free and you’re born so that you can express your opinion freely†¦that’s what dignity’s really about'; (186). Stevens, naturally, merely said, â€Å"Of course, you’re quite correct.'; Even in this frank atmosphere he could not spill his thoughts candidly. Stevens is a very affecting character whose battles with his emotions are far from unique, either to himself or to his culture. Most people, even Americans, sometimes find it difficult to say honestly what they feel, even when it is in their own best interests to do so. Occasionally they cannot even recognize what they feel, let alone put it into words. They are, then, like Stevens: perhaps full of feelings, but not recognizing quite what they are, or how to reveal them if they ever do seize their identity. Remains of the Day is a novel that anyone concerned about the difficulty of communicating openly and honestly should find rewarding.

gender Essay -- essays research papers

Gender Roles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For many years society has embraced the idea that the difference between men and women were biologically determined. Thou through traditions, media, and peers we act accordingly to how others view us. Each individual has pressure placed upon them based on their gender. Our sex is determined by genetics while our gender is programmed by social customs. Some theories interpret that a women is tender and a loving mother while on the other hand men are aggressive hunters and are the dominant one of the family. People who support this theory seems to believe that men and women are happier when fulfilling the roles nature determined for them. Women are to be nurturing and men are to be providers by nature. An individual gender role is molded through socialization. Individuals learn the ways, traditions, norms, and rules of getting along with others. A person environment has a big influence on the roles deemed accurately for men and women. Parents, media, teachers, and peers are important socializing agents for teaching the young their gender roles. Children are viewed through â€Å"Gender-Colored† glasses by their parents that focus on gender differences that do not exist. Meaning that a glass is clear and depending upon what you want to see through it is what you will see through it. Most children are raised with the belief that girls are pretty in pink and boys are rough and tough in blue. As infants grow older, their parents’ notions about gender stereotypes continue to influence how parents treat their children. Mothers and fathers tend to look at their baby girls as more fragile than their boys. There area several reasons for the differential treatment, but one can only assume that parents want their boys to be tough, and their daughters are to be neat and very lady like, in their behavior. Parents treating their infants differently are displaying socialization. Socialization is the process by which all people learn what is expected of them through their interactions with others. The household chores that are assigned by our parents are one way to shape a child’s gender role for the future. In many households, boys do the taking out trash, mowing the grass, shoveling the snow, and what the parents feel like are manly duties. While girls, clean the house by doing the dishes, cooking, babysitting the younger siblings, an... ...s a child can develop how he/she follows rules and regulations or how they unify with society. When a person learns how he/she should behave in society and accepts it, then they can be rewarded by positive approval, acceptance, and admiration. When one has a particular role he/she have certain privileges and obligations associated with that particular role.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The roles of men and women and the social rules that dictate appropriate behavior for each are not shaped by biology itself. Determining that biology only plays apart so much and also your environment. Productive work is shared by men and women now, but for women it is primarily defined in terms of their maternal and family role. For women who participate in productive activities beyond the housekeeping has tended to bring women a greater measure of equality, but the load gets heavier from them to carry job, household, and children. Lately the outlook has changed on women dedicated their lives to homemaking. Jobs were initially generated for men because they were strong. But now the barrier is being broken and socially accepted for who they are and not for the role they are to play in society.

Environmental Issues Of Ganga River Environmental Sciences Essay

Quickly increasing population, lifting criterions of life and exponential growing of industrialisation and urbanisation have exposed the H2O resources, in general, and rivers, in peculiar, to assorted signifiers of debasement. Many Indian rivers, including the Ganga in several stretches, peculiarly during thin flows, have become unfit even for bathing. Recognizing that the rivers of the state were in a serious province of debasement, a beginning towards their Restoration was made with the launching of the Ganga Action Plan ( GAP ) in 1985. It was envisaged as a comprehensive programme of river preservation with the aim of bettering the H2O quality. It was visualized that in due class, the programme would be enlarged to cover other major rivers of the state. In order to fix such a major programme, an thorough survey of the Ganga Basin arrived by the Central Pollution Control Board ( CPCB ) . The survey covered all facets of rivers in the Ganga basin including H2O quality. The survey pointed out that besides pollution from municipal and industrial wastes, non-point beginnings like run off from rural colonies, pesticides from agricultural Fieldss, unfastened laxation, dumping of carcases significantly contribute to pollution of the river and render the H2O unsuitable for its intended usage. Equally of import is the issue of flow in the River. Dams and bombardments for hive awaying and deviating H2O for irrigation, domestic ingestion and industry, affect the flow, peculiarly during dry months. This has serious deductions for H2O quality and aquatic life in the river. The Ganga Action Plan Phase I ( GAP I ) was started in 1985 to better the H2O quality of river Ganga to acceptable criterions by forestalling the pollution burden making the river.GANGA BASIN:Ganga drains a basin of extraordinary fluctuation in height, clime, land usage and cropping form. Ganga has been a cradle of human civilisation since clip immemorial. It is one of the most sacred rivers in the universe and is profoundly revered by the people of this state. India has 12 river basins, and 14 childs and desert river basins. Ganga river basin is the largest of these. The Ganga basin lies between East longitudes 73A °30 and 89A ° 0 and North latitudes of 22A °30 and 31A °30, covering an country of 1,086,000 sq kilometer, widening over India, Nepal and Bangladesh. It has a catchment country of 8,61,404 sq. kilometer in India, representing 26 % of the state ‘s land mass and back uping approximately 43 % of population ( 448.3 million as per 2001 nose count ) . Ganga has many feeders, both in the Himalayan part before it enters the fields at Haridwar and farther downstream before its meeting with the Bay of Bengal. -May are the thin flow Calendar months. The surface H2O resource Ganga has been assessed as 525 billion three-dimensional Meters ( BCM ) . Significant abstraction of H2O for assorted intents including irrigation, power Coevals and imbibing H2O has impacted the measure of flows in the river.Some General Information about Ganga[ 1 ]:Here are a few basic facts about the Ganga River. This information will assist you understand the Ganges at a glimpse.Entire Length of River Ganges2,510 Kms ( 1,560 stat mis )Average deepness of Ganga River52 Feet ( maximal deepness, 100 pess )Topographic point of Origin of Ganga RiverFoot of Gangotri Glacier, at Gaumukh, at an lift of 3,892 mArea drained by Ganges River ( Ganges Plains )1,000,000 Square KilometersMajor Feeders of GangesYamuna, Son, Kosi, Gandak, Gomati, Ghaghara, Bhagirathi etc†¦Cities on the bank of GangesKanpur, Soron, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Ghazipur, Bhagalpur, Mirzapur, Buxar, Saidpur etc†¦ The full stretch of river Ganga ( chief root ) can be viewed into three sections: A. Upper Ganga a†°? 294 kilometers Gaumukh to Haridwar B. Middle Ganga a†°? 1082 km Haridwar to Varanasi C. Lower Ganga a†°? 1134 kilometer Varanasi to Ganga SagarTopographic points:There are many metropoliss which are situated on the bank of river Ganga. Concentrating on the province of Uttaranchal and the metropoliss like Haridwar and Rishikesh which are prone to pollution due to the pilgrim's journey. Uttaranchal became the twenty-seventh province of India on November 9, 2000. It borders Tibet in the north-east and Nepal to the south-east, while its adjacent provinces are Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Uttaranchal is a part of outstanding natural beauty. The high Himalayan scopes and glaciers cover most of the northern parts of the province, while the lower ranges are dumbly forested. The alone Himalayan ecosystem plays host to a big figure of animate beings ( including bharal, snow leopards, leopards and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelams ) , workss and rare herbs. Two of India ‘s mightiest rivers, the Ganga and the Yamuna take birth in the glaciers of Uttaranchal, and are fed by countless lakes, glacial thaws and watercourses in the part. The touristry industry is a major subscriber to the economic system of Uttaranchal, with the Raj epoch hill-stations at Mussorie, Almora, Ranikhet and Nainital being some of the most frequented finishs. To this part besides b elong some of the holiest Hindu shrines, and for about 2000 old ages now pilgrims have been sing the temples at Haridwar, Rishikesh, Badrinath and Kedarnath in the hope of redemption and purification from wickedness. Recent developments in the part include enterprises by the province authorities to capitalise on the burgeoning visitant trade. The province besides plays host to some of the worst conceived bigdam undertakings in India such as the hideously big Tehri dike on the Bhagirathi-Bhilangana Rivers[ 2 ].HARIDWAR:Ancient Haridwar ( the Gateway to God ) is one of the seven holiest topographic points in India, and one of the oldest life metropoliss. For Hindus, a visit to Haridwar is believed to supply release from the eternal rhythm of decease and metempsychosis. Haridwar ‘s chief attractive forces are its temples ( particularlyA Mansa Devi temple, where the wish fulfilling goddess resides ) , A ghatsA ( stairss taking down to the river ) , and Ganges River. Peoples take a sanctum dip and cleanse their wickednesss. Haridwar territory, coveringA an areaA of aboutA 2360A KmA with aA population of 14, 44, 213, is inA theA western partA of UttarakhandA province of IndiaA andA extends from latitudeA 29A 58 ‘ in theA north toA longitudeA 78A 13 ‘ in theA E with semitropical clime. ItA receives 1000000s of tourers in everyA month, sometimes merely in oneA twenty-four hours, which increases theA numberA of cars of assorted classs upA toA 120 % per dayARISHIKESH:Rishikesh is yet another Centre of pilgrim's journey and tourer attractive force for Indians every bit good as aliens. Rishikesh is popularly known as the Yoga Capital of the World. Rishikesh is 28 kilometer from Haridwar on manner to Badrinath and is situated at the foothills on either side of sanctum river Ganga and is surrounded by Shivalik scopes from three sides. Rishikesh complex consists of three distinguishable countries, known as Rishikesh, Muni-ki-Reti and Swargashram. The town i s good known for modem and ancient Ashrams. REASON FOR THE POLLUTION:[ 3 ] In theA upper ranges of the Ganga, legion hydel undertakings threaten the river ‘s ecosystem. And in the fields, as the river flows through the provinces of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, a toxic mix of untreated sewerage, discarded refuse, agricultural run-off and industrial waste flow unabated into it. Hindus regard the Ganga H2O as pure ; but in world it is pure toxic sludge! So much so that one of India ‘s most cherished resources was besides crowned one of the universe ‘s top five most contaminated rivers in 2007. The Ganga at Haridwar, where 1000s of fans take holy dip and cod H2O, continues to be polluted with sewerage, a scientist has said, proposing a â€Å" parallel canal scheme † for lasting bar of pollution. The state of affairs is most suffering and despite some waste H2O furnishings through a bit-by-bit system of cloacas, the town ‘s sewerage continues to flux about all along the Ganga canal at Haridwar. There is zero direction for solid waste which blocked many nalas, inlets/manholes ensuing non merely in flood of sewerage into the canal but led to most ugly and inaesthetic sites and disgusting smell.Nearly 89 million liters of sewerage is daily disposed into Ganga from the 12 municipal towns that fall along its path boulder clay Haridwar. The sum of sewerage disposed into the river increases during the Char Dham Yatra season when about 15 lakh pilgrims visit the province between May and October each twelvemonth. Harmonizing to the Ganga pollution control unit of Uttarakhand Peyjal Nigam, Haridwar entirely accounts for 37.36 million liters of the sewerage that goes straight to the Ganga without acquiring treated in any plant.A A A A Apart from sewerage disposal of half-burnt human organic structures at Haridwar and risky medical waste from the base infirmary at Srinagar due to absence of an incinerator are besides adding to pollution degrees in the Ganga. It is deserving adverting t hat despite disbursement overA Rs.A 1500 crores by the Ganga Action Plan since its origin in 1984, the river still remains contaminated. The 2nd stage of the undertaking, which is to acquire over in 2008, includes puting up of sewer lines in 8 metropoliss in Garhwal that autumn on the path of the river. Harmonizing to an estimation, during its 2510 kilometre-long class from Gaumukh till Bay of Bengal, about 1 billion liters of untreated sewerage gets disposed into the river.Impact of the Pollution:We should care about the go oning environmental debasement of our oceans and coastal countries because it is damaging to human wellness, economic development, clime and our planet ‘s shop of biodiversity. It is interfering with the sustainability of environment and its resources. Main beginnings of Marine pollution are atmosphere, river overflow, agribusiness, farm animal ‘s, urban overflow, cars, land glade, sewerage outfall, industrial waste etc. Thermal pollutionA is the debasement ofA H2O qualityA by any procedure that changes ambient waterA temperature. A common cause of thermic pollution is the usage of H2O as aA coolantA byA power plantsA and industrial makers. When H2O used as a coolant is returned to the natural environment at a higher temperature, the alteration in temperature ( a ) decreasesA oxygenA supply, and ( B ) affectsA ecosystemA composition.A Urban overflow — storm waterA discharged to come up Waterss fromA roads andA parking tonss — can besides be a beginning of elevated H2O temperatures. When a power works first opens or shuts down for fix or other causes, fish and other beings adapted to peculiar temperature scope can be killed by the disconnected rise in H2O temperature known as ‘thermal daze ‘ . Water quality is besides detoriating because of pollution in river Ganga and it is impacting marine ecosystem. Elevated temperature typically decreases the degree ofA dissolved oxygenA ( DO ) in H2O. The lessening in degrees of dissolved O ( DO ) can harm aquatic animate beings such as fish, A amphibiansA andA copepods. Thermal pollution may besides increase theA metabolicA rate of aquatic animate beings, asA enzyme activity, ensuing in these beings devouring more nutrient in a shorter clip than if their environment were non changed. An increased metabolic rate may ensue in fewer resources ; the more altered beings traveling in may hold an advantage over beings that are non used to the warmer temperature. As a consequence one has the job of compromisingA nutrient ironss of the old and new environments. BiodiversityA can be decreased as a consequence. Three chief types of inputs of pollution into the ocean are direct discharge of waste into the oceans, overflow into the Waterss due to rain, and pollutants that are released from the ambiance.Consequence OF POLLUTANTS ON MARINE ORGANISMSPollutants enters into to the oceans are largely diluted ; nevertheless the beings populating in the oceans tend to concentrate the pollutants into their organic structure by assorted mechanisms, like surface assimilation, soaking up, consumption etc. The concentration of pollutant additions with higher tropic degrees, i.e. from primary manufacturers to the third consumer. The threshold bound of beings to the pollutant concentration addition with increasing tropic degrees. Assorted manner of pollution conveyance in organisms includes bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and biomagnifications. Water pollution besides leads to Large scale decease of aquatic and tellurian animate beings, Reduced reproduction rate, Increased incidence of diseases, Imbalances created in secondary nutrient ironss, Accumulation of bioaccumulative and non-biodegradable pollutants in carnal organic structures, Some organochlorine pesticides ( like DDT, BHC, Endrin ) are known for bioaccumulative and biomagnifiable characters.Bad impact of Water Pollution on Environment and human wellness.The taint of H2O organic structures has enormous negative impact on environment, it has ability to destruct many carnal home grounds, and cause irreparable harm to many ecosystems. Water pollution is non merely killing 1000000s of people around the Earth each twelvemonth, it is besides killing 1000000s of workss and animate beings that merely can non get by with the increasing degrees of H2O pollution caused by different chemicals and other waste. In some countries of the universe H2O pollution issue is wholly out of control, and in these countries polluted H2O spreads different toxins and other chemicals into environment, doing it soiled, and above all unhealthy topographic point to populate in. Among the most common causes of H2O pollution include the pathogens, assorted chemicals or other contaminations every bit good as other thermic beginnings of pollution. Infective causes of pollution in H2O are normally the bacterium every bit good as other micro-organisms that are normally nutrient in the surface of the H2O. If their population exceeds the normal rate, so its effects would be inauspicious to the human wellness. Of class, the chemical beginnings of H2O pollution include those from detergents, germicides, nutrient processing wastes and many more. Water pollution can besides take to assorted diseases like purging or diarrhoea, ill tummy, tegument roseolas, Cancer.Legislation and Attempts to Clean Ganga River:The basic aim taken by the people was to to make mass consciousness for an eco-friendly non-violent civilization of development for the protection of our vital natural systems in general and of the sacred Ganga and the Himalayas in peculiar ; on the other manus, to set moral force per unit area on the authorities, to take time-bound decisive stairss to wholly and for good salvage the Ganga.Ganga Action Plan:The Ganga Action Plan or GAP was a plan launched byA Rajiv GandhiA in April 1986 in order to cut down the pollution burden on the river. But the attempts to diminish the pollution degree in the river became more after passing a ¤Ã‚ ° 901.71A CroreA ( ~190 million USD seting to rising prices ) .A Therefore, this program was withdrawn on 31 March 2000. The maneuvering Committee of the National River Conservation Authority reviewed the advancement of the GAP and necessary rectification on the footing of lessons learned and experiences gained from the GAP stage ; 2 strategies have been completed under this program. A million litres of sewerage is targeted to be intercepted, diverted and treated. Phase-II of the plan was approved in phases from 1993 onwards, and included the undermentioned feeders of the Ganges: Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar and Maha nanda.National River Ganga Basin Authority ( NRGBA ) :NRGBA was established by the Cardinal Government of India, on 20 February 2009 under Section 3 ( 3 ) of the Environment Protection Act, 1986. It besides declared Ganges as the â€Å" National River † of India.A The chair includes theA Prime Minister of IndiaA andA Chief MinistersA of provinces through which the Ganges flows. In exercising of the powers conferred by subaˆ?sections ( 1 ) and ( 3 ) of Section 3 of the Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986 ( 29 of 1986 ) , the Central Government has constituted National Ganga River Basin Authority ( NGRBA ) as a planning, funding, monitoring and organizing authorization for beef uping the corporate attempts of the Central and State Government for effectual suspension of pollution and preservation of the river Ganga. One of the of import maps of the NGRBA is to fix and implement a Ganga River Basin: Environment Management Plan ( GRB EMP ) . A Consortium of 7 Indian Institute of Technology ( IIT ) has been given the duty of fixing Ganga River Basin: Environment Management Plan ( GRB EMP ) by the Ministry of Environment and Forests ( MoEF ) , GOI, New Delhi. Memorandum of Agreement ( MoA ) has been signed between 7 IITs ( Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras and Roorkee ) and MoEF for this intent on July 6, 2010.Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission ( JNNURM )[ 4 ]:40 % of the entire financess under straight or indirectly marked for river preservation, so this has become an indispensable avenue for corruptness. Crores of rupees have gone down the drain over the past many old ages, but things have n't changed a spot. Rather state of affairs has farther deteriorated. Alternatively, inundation field and river bed of bulk of rivers have been sold by the authoritiess to the private builders. Meanwhile, militants of Jal Biradari and Tarun Bharat Sangh, who had earlier rattled the Uttarakhand authorities and forced it to suspend its hydro-electricity undertakings constructed over Ganga, have now started parading in Allahabad. Environmentalists and scientists would be in the Sangam metropolis to take part in the meet called ‘Ganga Sammelan ‘ which was held on September 23, 2011 The call for the meet has been given by Jal Biradari, a organic structure of river environmentalists headed by Magsaysay award victor Rajendra Singh. The participants aim to protest against the authorities ‘s move to put 1000s of crores on river preservation without unwraping its program of action.http: //articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/images/pixel.gifSave Ganga Movement:With the aid of many like-minded organisations and with the moral support from many spiritual leaders, religious and political, scientists, conservationists, authors and societal militants, initiated Save Ganga MovementA against the pollution of river Ganga and its feeders with a seminar on â€Å" Ganga aur hamaaraa daayitva † on 13thA Nov. 1998 at Kanpur. Renowned Gandhians, Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna and Dr. Kanchanlata Sabarwal, besides joined the Movement.Catastrophic Global Ecological Crisis:Harmonizing to the study of the World Wildlife Fund ( WWF ) published on20thA March 2007. Apart from the G anga, the Indus, Nile, and Yangtze are among the 10 most endangered rivers of the universe that are line of life of one million millions of people. Global heating could do more hungriness in hapless states and extinction of many animate being and works species and melt most glaciers of the Himalayas, which is the beginning of the Ganga, the Indus and many other great rivers, by the2030s, harmonizing to a bill of exchange UN study published on 6thA April,2007. The idea of Gandhiji, the apostle of Truth and non-violence of our age, does supply the signifier and content of a non-violent civilization of development in the context of our present technological age, which is the surest and possibly the lone solution to our impending ruinous planetary ecological crisis. The visionaries and Prophetss of all great faiths would hold with the Gandhian solution.Save Ganga Rally at Delhi ( 12thA Nov, 2000 ) :A ardent entreaty was made to the Hon'ble Rashtrapati for his counsel and active support in this cause. A national run was launched with a mass ralley in Delhi on 12thA Nov. 2000, with approvals from the so Hon'ble Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee and many high religious leaders including His Holiness Jagadguru Sri Sankaracharya of Kanchikotipuram, Rev. Dada J.P. Vaswani of Sadhu Vaswani Mission, Pune, in which high individuals like Shri Sundarlal Bahuguna, Smt Tara Gandhi Bhattacharyaji, Dr Kanchanlata Sabarwal, Dr Samprasad Vinod etc. participated.Save Ganga Yatra from Gangotri to Ganga Sagar ( May 2002-Nov 2003 ) :Following two old ages have been devoted to organizing the Save Ganga Yatra from Gangotri to Ganga Sagar in three stages during May 2002 to Nov 2003. In the class of the Yatra, we quite successfully held 3 Save Ganga Seminars and 6 Save Ganga Meetings in which many distinguished scientists, intellectuals, societal militants, societal leaders, Gandhians and spiritual leaders participated and expressed their positions.1stA National Workshop on ‘ Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj ‘ ( 1stA & A ; 2ndA October, 2004 )[ 5 ]:In the National Workshop on ‘Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj ‘ held on the juncture of Gandhi Jayanti as a portion of our Save Ganga Movement at Gandhi Darshan Samiti, Rajghat, Delhi on 1stA and 2ndA October 2004, aA Charter of Ten DemandsA were nem con accepted to be theA Ten Commandmentsto save the Ganga and the Himalayas. A book entitledA Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj, published by Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad and NWO, Pune was released in the workshop.Save Ganga & A ; Save Himalayas March, New Delhi ( 12thA March, 2006 ) :We organized a Save Ganga & A ; Save Himalayas March from Bapuji ‘s Samadhi at Raj ghat to Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi on 12-03-2006, the 76thA Anniversary of Gandhji ‘s Dandi Yatra, and officially presentedA Our Charter of Ten DemandsA in the Office of our Hon'ble Rashtrapatiji in the signifier of an Appeal to Salvage the Ganga and the Himalayas. The Yatra was organi zed/ supported by about 24 organizations.A It was nem con resolved to observe the Day of Dandi Yatra, 12th March, every twelvemonth in the signifier a Save Ganga & A ; Save Himalaya March from Bapuji ‘s Samadhi to Rashtrapati Bhavan till the necessary stairss are taken to wholly and for good salvage the Ganga & A ; the Himalayas.A2ndA National Workshop on ‘Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj ‘ ( 1stA – 3rdA October, 2006 ) :The 2ndA National Workshop on ‘Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj'A was held on the juncture of Gandhi Jayanti as a portion of our Save Ganga Movement from 1stA to 3rdA October 2006 at Haridwar, Uttaranchal to discourse farther profoundly on assorted major issues refering protection of the Ganga and the Himalayas every bit good as to make public consciousness about it. As a portion of the workshop a seminar ‘Gandhi Ganga and Giriraj ‘ was held at M.C. Mehta Environmental Foundation, Eco Ashram at Haridwar on 1stA and 2ndA October 2006 and a Save Ganga & A ; Save Himalayas Public Meeting was held at Har Ki Paudi, Haridwar on 3A rdA October2006.Save Ganga & A ; Save Himalayas March, New Delhi A ( 12thA March, 2007 ) :A March was organized ; 2ndA Save Ganga & A ; Save Himalayas March from Bapuji ‘s Samadhi at Rajghat to Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi on 12-03-2007, the 77thA Anniversary of Gandhji ‘s Dandi Yatra in the Centinary twelvemonth of his Satyagrah in South Africa and presented the Charter of Ten Demands in the signifier of an entreaty to Salvage the Ganga & A ; the Himalayas.Save Ganga & A ; Save Himalayas March, New Delhi ( 12thA March, 2008 ) :Celebrated the 78thA Anniversary of Gandhji ‘s DandiA Yatra in theA A A signifier of aA Save Ganga & A ; A SaveA HimalayasA March fromA Bapuji'sA Samadhi atA RajghatA toA RashtrapatiA Bhavan, New DelhiA A on 12-03-2008.ASave Ganga & A ; Save Himalayas Meeting-cum-Panel Discussion, New Delhi ( 12thA March, 2010 ) :We celebrated the 80thA Anniversary of Ga ndhji ‘s DandiA Yatra in theA A A signifier of aA A A A Save Ganga & A ; A SaveA HimalayasA Meeting- cum- Panel Discussion at Gandhi Darsan, Rajghat, New Delhi on 12thMarch, 2010. There was an indispensable understanding on the following two points: The extremely earth quiver prone, eco-fragile Uttarkhand part of the Ganga Basin must be declared â€Å" Ecological Fragile † and its rivers â€Å" wild river † A and all stairss must be taken to protect themA and theA natural eco-systems theyA support 2.A A A Since our rivers are the beginning of imbibing H2O for crores of our common people and besides for the animate beings and STPs can non change over sewerage into drinkable H2O, industrial wastewaters and infirmary wastes treated or untreated and besides sewerage from the metropoliss and towns treated or untreated, must notA be allowed to come in into the rivers: A cloacas must be separated from rivers and sewerage must be converted intoA valuable natural manure for organic agriculture, bring forthing electricity in the procedure wherever possible.A The chief nonsubjective ofA â€Å" Save Ganga & A ; Save Himalayas Yatra fromA Badrinath to Rameshwar † is A to convey together under one roof assorted like-minded A high individuals from different watercourses of life A and like-minded spiritual leaders & A ; A spiritual establishments of different religions, Gandhian leaders & A ; Gandhian establishments, societal militants & A ; NGOs, etc. to give to the cause of making ( 1 ) The mass-awareness necessary A to salvage the Ganga, typifying all rivers and H2O organic structures, and the Giriraj Himalaya, typifying all mountains, woods and wildlife ( 2 ) TheA mass-awareness necessary A to make a Gandhian Non-violent Culture of Development, which is the surest and possibly the lone solution to our impending ruinous Global Ecological Crisis, through Save Ganga & A ; Save Himalayas Meetings/ Seminars/ Workshops, etc to be held in assorted major cities/ pilgrim's journey centres of our state in the class of the Yatra.A It is profoundly fulfilling that our Save Ganga Movement has succeeded to a great extent to bringA under one umbrella assorted like-minded eminent scientists, societal workers and organisations, A Gandhians, A A religious leaders and organisations to work togetherA for the perfectly non-controversial baronial cause of Salvaging the Ganga and the Himalayas.Supreme Court of India:The Supreme Court has been working on the closing and resettlement of many of the industrial workss along the Ganges and in 2010 the authorities declared the stretch of river between Gaumukh andA UttarkashiA an â€Å" eco-sensitive zone † .Nigamanand:In early 2011, a Hindu visionary namedA Swami Nigamananda SaraswatiA fasted unto decease, protesting against illegal excavation go oning in the territory ofA HaridwarA ( inA Uttarakhand ) ensuing in pollution.A Following his decease in June 2011, hisA AshramA leader Swami Shivananda fasted for 11 yearss get downing on November 25, 2011, taking his motion fr ontward. Finally, the UttarkhandA authorities released an order to censor illegal mining all over Haridwar district.A Harmonizing to disposal functionaries, quarrying in the Ganges would now be studied by a particular commission which would measure its environmental impacts the river and its nearby countries.Prof. G. D. Agrawal:Noted environmental militant, Prof.A G. D. AgrawalA sat for fast unto decease on 15 January 2012.A Due to back up from other societal militants likeA Anna Hazare, theA Prime Minister of India, A Manmohan SinghA agreed to Prof. Agrawal ‘s demands. Consequently, he called for a National River Ganga Basin Authority ( NRGBA ) meeting and urged the governments to use the 2,600 crore ( ~520MA USD ) sanctionedA for making sewer webs, sewerage intervention workss, sewerage pumping Stationss, electric crematory, community lavatories and development of river foreparts.Failure of Ganga Action Plan:It is genuinely deeply anguishing that we have failed to do the Gan ga free from pollution in malice of our cardinal authorities establishing the Ganga Action Plan in 1985, and passing 100s of crores of rupees for this intent, even though we know that the Ganga is the line of life of our crores of people and crores of our people consider her to be their Godhead female parent, and our experts claim that we have the necessary cognition, accomplishment and wealth to do the Ganga and her feeders wholly pollution free withinA 4-5 years.A GAP suffered from the undermentioned restrictions[ 6 ]: Merely a portion of the pollution burden of the river could be tackled. GAP concentrated on bettering the H2O quality of Ganga, in footings of organic pollution and dissolved O. Merely the effluent of towns fluxing through the drains to the river was targeted. Connections of family lavatories to the cloaca system, solid waste direction, and some other critical facets of municipal activities, which impinge on the H2O quality were non addressed. The issue of guaranting environmental flows in the river was non attended to. This has become progressively of import in position of the viing demands on the Ganga H2O for imbibing, irrigation and power coevals. Adopting more efficient H2O preservation patterns could hold reduced the demand for abstraction of H2O from Ganga. Problems of land acquisition, tribunal instances, contractual issues and unequal capacities in the local bodies/implementing bureaus came in the manner of rapid execution. Tree screen in the Ganga basin has reduced well and set down usage form has changed taking to dirty eroding. Sediment output and its sedimentation on the river bed were besides non monitored. Pollution burden from non-point beginnings was addressed marginally. No attending was paid to run-off from agricultural Fieldss, which brings non biodegradable Pesticides into the river. Measures necessary for the bar of pollution of the river H2O while be aftering New colonies or enlargement of the present 1s were non considered. Watershed development every bit good as groundwater and surface H2O interaction were non covered. Merely Class-I towns on the Bankss of rivers were taken up. Thus a big figure of urban colonies remained outside the horizon of the Plan. Pollution from rural sector was non addressed. Several parametric quantities such as heavy metals, pesticides, N and phosphoric were non monitored. These parametric quantities have become of import with increased industrialisation and urbanisation.Suggestions and Recommendations:Gangotri Valley to be viewed as a topographic point of pilgrim touristry and religious activities. All Commercial activities in the locality of Gangotri ( say within 500 m ) to be transformed into eco friendly activities. Plan for environment protection and saving of natural and pristine conditions ( e.g. hotel civilization to be changed to hut civilization ; terrible limitations on nightlong stay of tourers, publicity of pilgrim touristry than commercial touristry, easing â€Å" Pad Yatra † , promoting usage of locally available stuffs, proviso for unintegrated aggregation of full solid waste of all sorts, wholly extinguishing disposal of any sort of waste from anthropogenetic beginnings in the vale, complete recycle/reuse and transition into acceptable merchandises of wastes generated ; sanitation and bathing installations with no direct/indirect discharge into river vale, control of noise and unreal lighting, etc. ) . Harshil to be developed as nature friendly, zero waste terminal pilgrim tourer topographic point with installations of ashrams, invitee houses, parking, cyberspace, etc. Environmental Flow ( E Flow ) to be estimated at assorted topographic points, peculiarly for those stretches where river flow has been modified. Flow measuring and show devices to be developed for all such stretches by the undertaking implementer. All bing hydro electric undertakings may be redesigned and operated based on demand of E-flows. Community lavatories and wash suites with zero discharge of solid and liquid wastes to be developed at figure of topographic points as per approved program for the full UGS. River Bank and River Water Quality Management Plan to be prepared expeditiously for Uttarkashi, Shrinagar, New Tehri Town, Rudra Prayag, Dev Prayag and Rishikesh on precedence. Eutrophication potency of all impoundings to be assessed and measures taken to command release of foods from point and nonaˆ?point beginnings. Industries straight or indirectly dispatching their solid/liquid wastes into Ganga must be directed to follow best available patterns for pull offing solid/liquid wastes and achieve complete recycling of H2O and proper disposal of solid wastes/sludges as per norms enforced by the regulation bureaus. Ganges Dolphin Conservation Zone Garhmukteshwar – Narora Barrage to be declared as â€Å" NO GO AREA † for which elaborate surveies have been done by World Wildlife Fund, India. Hydrological and morphological surveies for pull offing sediment conveyance and H2O resources. Function of the Ganga Basin Preparation of a Compendium of sewerage intervention engineerings. Discussion on modes of Particular Purpose Vehicles ( SPV ) at appropriate locations as a agency of mobilising private sector resources and accomplishing efficiencies. Collection, analysis and airing of information relating to environmental pollution in the river Ganga. Probes and research sing jobs of environmental pollution and preservation of the river Ganga. Promotion of H2O preservation patterns including recycling and reuse, rain H2O harvest home, and decentralised sewerage intervention systems. Monitoring and reappraisal of the execution of assorted programmes or activities taken up for bar, control and suspension of pollution in the river Ganga. Issue of waies under subdivision 5 of the Environment ( Protection ) Act, 1986 for the intent of exerting and executing all or any of the above maps and for accomplishment of its aim.Decision:The Pollution degree in the River Ganges has raised to a great extent and if it is non controlled now so the sacred Ganga wo n't be that Holy any longer as it will be the Centre to distribute disease and convey marine life to an terminal. The GAP should be brought into proper execution and societal consciousness among people is a must to accomplish this end. Peoples should come frontward to salvage this river from being polluted more. Salvage the Ganga River is the demand of the hr now.

Review of Related Literature and Studies Essay

Parents Portal The Parents Portal gives the parent an opportunity to view their student’s schedules, performance, and statement of accounts. Parents also have access to review current contact information, which may be used to help the school maintain accurate contact data. Online Reporting is the innovative use of media and communication technologies such as emails, blogs, websites and text alerts in order to keep parents informed about their children’s achievements, progress, behaviour and attendance. It is important for teachers and schools to consult parents on how they would like to be kept informed on the progress of their child. Some parents prefer face – to – face contact, whereas others may favour the convenience of tools such as text alerts or online reporting to gain a quick insight of their child’s progress. A website is one of the most effective communication tools that is easily accessible for most schools and parents. It allows access to regular upda tes such as timetables, school trips, and learning tools supporting parents and involving them in school life (Russel, 2009). Web – based system is used in most businesses for better communication. It creates a customer portal that could provide a range of services in a unified, centralized way. Using online – based systems, there is no need for modifications to the applications on the mission – critical mainframes. The Internet offers greater speed and cost-efficiency when compared to manual way. A portal is defined in the Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary (2008) as â€Å"a site serving as a guide or point of entry to the World Wide Web and usually including a search engine or a collection links to other sites arranged especially by topic.† Tatnall (2005) writes that a web portal provides a personalized gateway that aggregates information and allows access to a variety of resources and services that are relevant to the person seeking them. For parents this would include the ability to connect with information and services relevant to their child’s learning and ac tivity at school, through  any computer connected to the World Wide Web (Williamson, R. D., & Johnston, J. H., 1998). Communication between schools and families is essential for building trusting relationships that foster parental involvement. Parental involvement in schools and social institutes is necessary for youngsters to develop successfully and to make decisions that will have positive outcomes for their futures. As society becomes increasingly dependent on technology, schools are investing more time and money in technological means of communication. Access to computer and internet technologies is increasing all over Europe. In work places and schools, both educators and parents are provided with access to electronic communication (Rogers & Wright, 2007). It is proven that regular communication from school to parents is critical to the success of children .It is well established that building home – school partnerships is a powerful avenue for increasing the satisfaction of parents and the community with schooling and for improving schools. Parents’ involvement in their childâ⠂¬â„¢s education is a key factor in the child’s scholastic success. Parental participation ranges from paying little or no attention to overt hovering. As the teacher, he must help manage the parental participation so that students are accountable for their own learning. At lower level parents are more active in school participation. Communicating frequently is essential, but the teacher does not have to meet with parents every month or even contact them at home. Instead, he can be in touch by sending parents a weekly or monthly class newsletter that highlights the activities and events going on in the classroom or sending an e – mail with necessary information when it is needed. He can also send home reports if one of the students does something outstanding. He can use a social network, e – mail, put in on a (secured) website, etc. (Harington, 2008). Additionally, as the discourse between homes and schools increases, understanding improves, suggestions are shared, and positive attitudes are more easily maintained. For instance, in 1984 in Western Europe only 8.2% of the households surveyed had computers, while in 2003, 61.87% of the households had computers and 54.7% had Internet access. In 2008 in the Netherlands, 84% of the families with children between two and 21 years had at least one computer with fast internet. The most of the families are multimedia families nowadays. A recent survey of 4,000 adults in 20 cities in the USA conducted by Opinion Research Corp. and America Online showed  that 41 percent of Americans check e – mail first thing in the morning — and a whopping 61 percent say they check their personal e – mail while at work (eSchoolMedia & eCampus News, 2011). Android Application The Google Android Operating System is used in a lot of major smartphone brands available today. It is one of the most popular platform which is used for developing Android applications. With sufficient knowledge regarding the development, Android leads to milestones of achievement through the development of Android application. Technical knowledge and talent is a pioneering need for developing exceptional applications on the Android Platform. The Linux kernel, Daivik and SQL Lite database are some of the basic tools and techniques to build master Android applications. Using them, the Android application developer and programmer teams can deliver various custom – made Android applications (HiddenBrains InfoTech, 2011). Some typical characteristics of Android development are: Low development cost Rapidly growing platform Provides support for interactive media features Linux core is responsible for stability of the Android applications Vast, comprehensive library for graphics, media and other tools Android SDK helps in formation of rich and unique applications The software for the mobile phones is loaded in the Android. The android foundation is comprised of the operating system (OS), the middleware, main programs, and a Software Development Kit (SDK). The SDK allows the designers with the Application Programming Interface (API) and resources needed for development. The submission platform is of an open character. This permits the designers to develop the programs and easily spread them. One can even sell them through the World Wide Web. The wind turbine is very less because the android is free. There are a number of advantages of this mobile platform. Some of the major advantages of this are as follows: Android is Linux – based. It allows quick collection of details. It also provides the correct details desired. The cycle is greatly reduced. The event resources are simple to use. All the details and solutions are offered to the designers without any biases. It provides affluent internet browser amenities as well. This allows the creator to provide improved solutions. The use of the mobile phones to access the World Wide Web is increasing day by day. There are many mobile phones that have operating systems based on Android. If the business wants its web page to be appropriate with these mobile phones then the web page needs to be designed or altered. This is where Android application development performs an important role. The users of Android mobile phones want the phone to be used not only for telecommunication but also as an office computer. The customer may need some specifications to be added on to the android handsets. This is another situation where the Android Applications becomes necessary (Bryanstrang, 2012). Review of Related Studies Traditional reports can be replaced with regular and up – to – date online reports which parents can access whenever and wherever they happen to be. Being able to access their child’s educational information as and when they wish has already been very successful in many schools with parents gaining greater understanding of day – to – day school life. Research undertaken by the Department for Children Schools and Families (DCSF), entitled ‘Parental Involvement in Child’s Education 2007’, revealed that 44 percent of parents expressed work commitments as the main barrier to greater involvement in their child’s education. For busy working parents and those whose work necessitates travel, online reporting could hold the key to ensuring that they are kept informed and up to date regarding their child’s progress (Christine Thompson & Jo Lee, n.d.). The AMA Education System (AMAES), a network of universities and colleges in the Philippines offering computer training, has upgraded its Information Technology (IT) infrastructure with Oracle’s PeopleSoft Campus Solutions. The solutions provide a web – based system that enables the institution to manage student administration processes, including prospect management, admissions, student records, enrolment, curriculum, advisement, transfer credit, student financials,  financial aid, graduation and alumni relations. Edwin Santos, Chief Information Officer of the AMAES, said that the deployment of the new IT infrastructure took 12 months to complete for the first 12 campuses. That includes the AMA Computer University and 11 trimestral campuses of the AMA Computer College. The application suite will also be implemented across the rest of AMAES entities, including AMA Computer Learning Center (ACLC), AMA International Institute of Technology (AIIT), ABE Colleges, AMA School of Medicine and AMA International Aviation Academy. Estopace (2012) quoted the statement of Santos that is, â€Å"The primary advantage of the solution for us is it enhances service delivery. That includes service delivery to o ur students, who are our prime customers, and service delivery to the parents, as both would have access to the portals. The second advantage is ease of deployment. Since AMAES is also expanding its business base, it gives us a lot of flexibility in deployment to other campuses since the solution is centrally hosted and in the cloud.† The most important benefits to students and parents, according to Santos, is the real-time access to information about their payments, grades, courses taken, schedules and information on future subjects to be offered. AMAES is also working to include an online payment gateway to allow students to do any transactions at home. â€Å"Mobile integration is something we are looking forward to,† Santos disclosed. â€Å"For now, our concentration will be more on deploying the serve to all our branches and campuses† (Estopace, 2012). Engineer Arnel Hibo, First Vice President of AMAES, added that the management side of AMAES will also have access to real – time information covering academic and administrate functions for all the campuses (Estopace, 2012). Justification of the Present Study The system called, â€Å"Parents Portal with Android Application† for the AMA Computer College – General Santos City, has similar features with that of the Oracle’s Peoplesoft Campus Solutions. Both systems provide a wide avenue of information for parents, which is critical to the success of the students. This avenue does not limit information through the traditional method of query. Instead, it provides and facilitates information accessibility such as updates on grades, fees, and student class schedules. On the other hand, the Parents Portal, is limited to the local campus and is only intended for both the parents and the administrators hence, it is not intricate and is easier to use. Moreover, less internet traffic comes as a result of the non – complexity of the system. It also has the capability of sending and receiving messages regarding student concerns. Most of all, the system can be integrated to mobile phones, smartphones, and tablets through the Android Operating System and can still provide accessibility even if offline because of its own database.